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Evaluation of comprehensive gene expression and NK cell-mediated killing in glioblastoma cell line-derived spheroids [spheroids]

ABSTRACT: GBM is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with dismal prognosis. NK cells are large granular lymphocytes with natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells, and they should be established for the novel treatment against patients with GBM. We have previously reported highly activated and ex vivo-expanded NK cells derived from human peripheral blood, which is designated as Genuine-induced natural killer cell (GiNK), induced by our specific culture conditions exerted the cytotoxic effect on GBM cells via apoptosis. First, we comprehensively summarized the molecular characteristics, especially focusing on the expression of stem cell markers, extracellular matrix markers, chemokine, chemokine receptors, and the NK receptors’ ligands, of GBM spheroids compared with 2D adherent GBM cells by using microarray. In the spheroid derived from GBM cell lines, gene expression of stem cell markers, extracellular matrix markers, chemokine, chemokine receptor, NK cell inhibitory receptor’ ligand were up-regulated compared with 2D adherent GBM cells. A preclinical evaluation of the NK cells was performed by ex vivo 3D spheroid model derived from GBM cell lines. In 3D spheroid model, the NK cells accumulated and infiltrated around the spheroids and induced the GBM cell death. Flow cytometry-based apoptosis detection assay clearly showed that the NK cells induced the GBM cell death via apoptosis. Our findings could provide pivotal information for the NK cell based-immunotherapy to patients with GBM.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE182373 | GEO | 2021/08/19

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Summary: Melanoma spheroids grown under neural crest cell conditions are highly plastic migratory/invasive tumor cells endowed with immunomodulator function Background: The aggressiveness of melanoma tumors is likely to rely on their well-recognized heterogeneity and plasticity. Melanoma comprises multi subpopulations of cancer cells some of which may possess stem cell-like properties supporting the notion of plasticity. Although useful for certain tumors, the use of the sphere-formation assay to identify stem cell-like or tumor initiating cells subpopulations in human melanoma has been recently challenged. Our study reveals that this assay predicts a functional phenotype associated with aggressive behavior of tumor cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: We analyzed the molecular and functional phenotypes of melanoma spheroids formed in neural crest cell medium. Whether from metastatic (SLM8) or advanced primary (Mela1) tumors, spheroid cells expressed melanoma-associated markers. They displayed higher capacity to differentiate along mesenchymal lineages, and showed enhanced expression of SOX2, NANOG, KLF4, and/or OCT4 transcription factors, but not extensive self-renewal or enhanced tumorigenicity when compared to their adherent counterparts. To determine whether melanoma spheroids in our model could predict a molecular or functional phenotype, we performed gene expression profiling experiments using Affymetrix microarrays. Gene expression profiling attributed a neural crest cell signature to these spheroids and indicated that a migratory/invasive and immune-function modulating program could be associated with these cells. In vitro assays confirmed that these spheroids are endowed with enhanced migratory/invasive capacities. In immune activation assays, spheroid cells elicited a poorer allogenic response from immune cells and inhibited mitogen-dependent T cells activation and proliferation more efficiently than their adherent counterparts. Thus, our findings reveal novel immune-modulator function of melanoma spheroid cells and suggest specific roles for these spheroids in invasion and in evasion of antitumor immunity. Conclusion/Significance: The association of a more plastic, invasive and evasive, thus a more aggressive tumor phenotype with melanoma spheroid cells reveals a previously unrecognized aspect of tumor cells expanded as spheroid cultures. While of limited efficiency for melanoma initiating cell identification, our melanoma spheroid model predicted aggressive phenotype and could therefore, be constructive to investigate melanoma aggressiveness, relevant to patients and clinical transferability. 12 Total samples were analyzed: SLM8 adherent (SLMA) and spheroids (SLMS) cells, and Mela1 adherent (MelaA) and spheroid (MelaS) cells, all performed in triplicates. Paired statistical analyses were performed using Student's paired t-test on the gene signal intensities (gene level) and results were considered statistically significant at p-values <=0.05 and fold-change >=1.5.

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Evaluation of comprehensive gene expression and NK cell-mediated killing in glioblastoma cell line-derived spheroids [spheroids]

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