Tumor-intrinsic expression of the autophagy gene Atg16l1 suppresses anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer (bulk RNA-seq)
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus
PROVIDER: GSE192513 | GEO | 2023/08/28
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:We utilized 10X single cell RNA sequencing to investigate in murine liver how Atg16l1 deletion in AKPS colorectal cancer organoids impacted phenotypic programming of organoid cells and myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment. Atg16l1 KO and Wt cells were inoculated into the liver of NSG mice via HTV injection. Tumors were harvested following ~3 weeks of growth and live Calcein blue+ 7ADD– cells were sorted into tumor (eGFP+CD45–) and immune (eGFP–CD45+) cells.
2023-08-28 | GSE192514 | GEO
Project description:The vast majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients fail to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Understanding tumor-intrinsic determinants of immunotherapy resistance is critical to improve CRC patient outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that transcript levels of the core autophagy gene ATG16L1 are prognostic of poor outcome and predictive of ICI resistance in late-stage CRC. Deletion of Atg16l1 in murine CRC organoids markedly inhibited tumor growth in primary and metastatic niches in syngeneic hosts. ATG16L1 deficiency rendered CRC organoids more responsive to interferon (IFN) signaling and enhanced programmed cell death while decreasing tumor stem-like populations. IFN hypersensitivity consequently promoted cytotoxic anti-tumor immunity in vivo. In IMblaze370, a large phase III clinical trial of anti-PD-L1 in advanced metastatic CRC, low ATG16L1 levels identified patients with increased lymphocyte infiltration and improved outcome in a KRAS mutant setting. This work reveals autophagy as a clinically relevant immunosuppressive mechanism in CRC and provides a rationale for autophagy inhibition to boost immunotherapy responses in the clinic.
| EGAS00001005952 | EGA
Project description:Susceptibility to Crohn's disease, a complex inflammatory disease involving the small intestine, is controlled by over 30 loci. One Crohn's disease risk allele is in ATG16L1, a gene homologous to the essential yeast autophagy gene ATG16 (ref. 2). It is not known how ATG16L1 or autophagy contributes to intestinal biology or Crohn's disease pathogenesis. To address these questions, we generated and characterized mice that are hypomorphic for ATG16L1 protein expression, and validated conclusions on the basis of studies in these mice by analysing intestinal tissues that we collected from Crohn's disease patients carrying the Crohn's disease risk allele of ATG16L1. Here we show that ATG16L1 is a bona fide autophagy protein. Within the ileal epithelium, both ATG16L1 and a second essential autophagy protein ATG5 are selectively important for the biology of the Paneth cell, a specialized epithelial cell that functions in part by secretion of granule contents containing antimicrobial peptides and other proteins that alter the intestinal environment. ATG16L1- and ATG5-deficient Paneth cells exhibited notable abnormalities in the granule exocytosis pathway. In addition, transcriptional analysis revealed an unexpected gain of function specific to ATG16L1-deficient Paneth cells including increased expression of genes involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling and lipid metabolism, of acute phase reactants and of two adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, known to directly influence intestinal injury responses. Importantly, Crohn's disease patients homozygous for the ATG16L1 Crohn's disease risk allele displayed Paneth cell granule abnormalities similar to those observed in autophagy-protein-deficient mice and expressed increased levels of leptin protein. Thus, ATG16L1, and probably the process of autophagy, have a role within the intestinal epithelium of mice and Crohn's disease patients by selective effects on the cell biology and specialized regulatory properties of Paneth cells.
2008-11-08 | GSE13512 | GEO
Project description:Susceptibility to Crohn's disease, a complex inflammatory disease involving the small intestine, is controlled by over 30 loci. One Crohn's disease risk allele is in ATG16L1, a gene homologous to the essential yeast autophagy gene ATG16 (ref. 2). It is not known how ATG16L1 or autophagy contributes to intestinal biology or Crohn's disease pathogenesis. To address these questions, we generated and characterized mice that are hypomorphic for ATG16L1 protein expression, and validated conclusions on the basis of studies in these mice by analysing intestinal tissues that we collected from Crohn's disease patients carrying the Crohn's disease risk allele of ATG16L1. Here we show that ATG16L1 is a bona fide autophagy protein. Within the ileal epithelium, both ATG16L1 and a second essential autophagy protein ATG5 are selectively important for the biology of the Paneth cell, a specialized epithelial cell that functions in part by secretion of granule contents containing antimicrobial peptides and other proteins that alter the intestinal environment. ATG16L1- and ATG5-deficient Paneth cells exhibited notable abnormalities in the granule exocytosis pathway. In addition, transcriptional analysis revealed an unexpected gain of function specific to ATG16L1-deficient Paneth cells including increased expression of genes involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signalling and lipid metabolism, of acute phase reactants and of two adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, known to directly influence intestinal injury responses. Importantly, Crohn's disease patients homozygous for the ATG16L1 Crohn's disease risk allele displayed Paneth cell granule abnormalities similar to those observed in autophagy-protein-deficient mice and expressed increased levels of leptin protein. Thus, ATG16L1, and probably the process of autophagy, have a role within the intestinal epithelium of mice and Crohn's disease patients by selective effects on the cell biology and specialized regulatory properties of Paneth cells. Experiment Overall Design: 4 Samples: 2 replicates of Atg16-hypomorph Paneth cells and 2 replicates of Wildtype Paneth cells.
2008-11-15 | E-GEOD-13512 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) regulates a plethora of cellular functions in health and disease. During angiogenesis, PKA activity in endothelial cells controls the transition from sprouting to vessel maturation and limits tip cell formation independently of Notch signaling. The molecular PKA targets mediating these effects remain unknown. We report a chemical genetics screen identifying endothelial-specific substrates of PKA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We identified ATG16L1, a regulator of autophagy, as novel target of PKA. Biochemical validation, mass spectrometry and peptide spot arrays revealed that PKA phosphorylates ATG16L1α at Ser268 and ATG16L1β at Ser269. The phosphorylations drive degradation of ATG16L1 protein. Knocking down PKA or inhibiting its activity increased ATG16L1 protein levels and endothelial autophagy. In vivo genetics and pharmacological experiments demonstrated that autophagy inhibition partially rescues vascular hypersprouting caused by PKA deficiency. We propose that endothelial PKA activity restricts active sprouting by reducing endothelial autophagy through phosphorylation of ATG16L1.
2019-10-04 | PXD012975 | Pride
Project description:The clear role of autophagy in human inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease was first identified by genome-wide association studies and subsequently dissected in multiple mechanistic studies. ATG16L1 has been particularly well studied in knockout and hypomorph settings as well as models recapitulating the Crohn’s disease-associated T300A polymorphism. Interestingly, ATG16L1 has a single homolog, ATG16L2, which is independently implicated in diseases including Crohn’s disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the contribution of ATG16L2 to canonical autophagy pathways and other cellular functions is poorly understood.To better understand its role, we generate and analyze the first, to our knowledge, ATG16L2 knockout mouse. Our results show that ATG16L1 and ATG16L2 contribute very distinctly to autophagy and cellular ontogeny in myeloid, lymphoid and epithelial lineages. Dysregulation of any of these lineages could contribute to complex diseases like Crohn’s disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, highlighting the value of examining cell-specific effects. We also identify a novel genetic interaction between ATG16L2 and epithelial ATG16L1. These findings are discussed in the context of how these genes may contribute distinctly to human disease.
2019-07-13 | GSE134226 | GEO
Project description:Tumor-intrinsic expression of the autophagy gene Atg16l1 suppresses anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer
| PRJNA791685 | ENA
Project description:We treated the following 3 groups of 8-16 week old mice with tamoxifen: 1) CDX2P-CreERT2, Apc flox/+, Kras LSL-G12D/+, Trp53 flox/flox mice (n=6); 2) CDX2P-CreERT2, Apc flox/+, Kras LSL-G12D/+,Trp53 R270H/flox mice (n=6); 3) Wild-type control mice (n=3). The CDX2P-CreERT2 transgene expresses a tamoxifen (TAM)-regulated Cre protein (CreERT2) under control of human CDX2 regulatory sequences, allowing for TAM-inducible targeting of flox alleles in adult mouse terminal ileum, cecum, and colon epithelium. Treating the mice having CDX2P-CreERT2 transgene with tamoxifen permits the Cre recombinase to enter the cell nucleus and recombine the floxed alleles for Apc, Kras, and Trp53, resulting in deletion mutations in Apc and Trp53, and an activating, oncogenic mutation in Kras (G12D mutation). The Trp53 R270H allele carries a constitutive R270H mutation, which is the mouse equivalent of human TP53 R273H mutation. Laser capture microdissection was used to obtain adenocarcinoma tissue samples from the first two groups of mice and normal tissue from control mice. RNA was purified and targets for Affymetrix arrays were synthesized from the mRNAs. We used Affymetrix Mouse Gene 2.1 ST plate arrays, which hold 41345 probe-sets, but we largely analyzed just those 24562 probe-sets that were mapped to Entrez gene IDs. Raw data was processed with the Robust Multi-array Average algorithm (RMA). Data is log2-transformed transcript abundance estimates. We fit a one-way ANOVA model to the 3 groups of samples. We supply a supplementary excel workbook that holds the same data as the data matrix file for those 24562 probe-sets, but also holds the probe-set annotation at the time we analyzed the data, and some simple statistical calculations, which selects subsets of the probe-sets as differentially expressed between pairs of groups. It also shows data and analysis from a separate experiment of RNA purified from organoids cultured from samples from 3 groups of mice similar to those here, as well as an extra group of mice with CDX2P-CreERT2 Apc flox/flox genotype. It also joins a statistical summary of differences between 9 human tumors with TP53 missense mutations at codon 273 and 36 tumors with TP53 null mutations assayed with RNA-seq by the TCGA project. A separate supplementary file of the TCGA data is also provided. Consumers should consider obtaining more up-to-date probe-set annotation for the array platform.
2019-06-04 | GSE125260 | GEO
Project description:In order to unravel the functional role of autophagy in skin homeostasis, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing on total skin of 10-weeks-old male mice lacking ATG16L1 selectively in keratinocytes. Keratinocyte-specific ATG16L1 knock-out (KO) mice do not show an overt skin phenotype. By performing single-cell analysis on total skin of control mice and mice lacking ATG16L1 in keratinocytes, we could identify a crucial role for keratinocyte autophagyin mediating the timing of hair follicle stem cell activation in hair growth.
2023-07-13 | GSE218854 | GEO
Project description:For organoid preparation, we first treated the following 4 groups of 8-12 week old mice with tamoxifen: 1) CDX2P-CreERT2, Apc flox/+, Kras LSL-G12D/+, Trp53 flox/flox mice (n=2); 2) CDX2P-CreERT2, Apc flox/+, Kras LSL-G12D/+,Trp53 R270H/flox mice (n=3); 3) CDX2P-CreERT2, Apc flox/flox mice (n=3); 4) Wild-type control mice (n=4). The CDX2P-CreERT2 transgene expresses a tamoxifen (TAM)-regulated Cre protein (CreERT2) under control of human CDX2 regulatory sequences, allowing for TAM-inducible targeting of flox alleles in adult mouse terminal ileum, cecum, and colon epithelium. Treating the mice having CDX2P-CreERT2 transgene with tamoxifen permits the Cre recombinase to enter the cell nucleus and recombine the floxed alleles for Apc, Kras, and Trp53, resulting in deletion mutations in Apc and Trp53, and an activating, oncogenic mutation in Kras (G12D mutation). The Trp53 R270H allele carries a constitutive R270H mutation, which is the mouse equivalent of human TP53 R273H mutation. Colon tumors were induced by TAM treatment in all the mice from the first three groups and organoids were derived from the tumors of each mouse. We also derived organoids from the normal colon epithelium in the 4th group of mice as controls. All organoids were generated and propagated using a slightly modified TMDU protocol as described in PMID:20872391. Organoids were cultured for 4 days and then harvested. RNA was purified from the organoids, and targets for Affymetrix arrays were synthesized from the mRNAs. We used Affymetrix Mouse Gene 2.1 ST plate arrays, which hold 41345 probe-sets, but we largely analyzed just those 24562 probe-sets that were mapped to Entrez gene IDs. Raw data was processed with the Robust Multi-array Average algorithm (RMA). Data is log2-transformed transcript abundance estimates. We fit a one-way ANOVA model to the 4 groups of samples. We supply a supplementary excel workbook that holds the same data as the data matrix file for those 24562 probe-sets, but also holds the probe-set annotation at the time we analyzed the data, and some simple statistical calculations, which selects subsets of the probe-sets as differentially expressed between pairs of groups. It also shows data and analysis from a separate experiment of RNA purified directly from 3 groups of mice with genotypes like those of the organoid data except that no group of mice with CDX2P-CreERT2 Apc flox/flox genotype were used. It also joins a statistical summary of differences between 9 human tumors with TP53 missense mutations at codon 273 and 36 tumors with TP53 null mutations assayed with RNA-seq by the TCGA project. A separate supplementary file of the TCGA data is also provided. Consumers should consider obtaining more up-to-date probe-set annotation for the array platform.
2019-06-04 | GSE125261 | GEO