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Integrated of transcriptome and plant growth substance profiles to reveal the floral sex differentiation in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

ABSTRACT: Zanthoxylum armatum is a prominent plant for food industries. However, its male flowers often occurred in gynogenesis plants, the potential mechanism remains poorly understood. Herein, a total of 26 floral sex differentiation stages were observed to select four vital periods to reveal key factors using RNA-seq, phytohormones and carbohydrates investigation. Male flower was significantly associated with cytokinin and sucrose signals, whereas female flower was initiated by SA, GA1, and ABA pathways. The floral organ identity genes were attributed to ABCDE model. Eleven ZaAP3/PI and four ZaSTK/SHP were exclusively up-regulated in male and female floral development, respectively. 14 DEGs were obtained to regulate the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Finally, 21 crucial factors were identified in co-expression network from a total of 83 important members. This study provided new insights to explore the regulatory mechanism of floral sex differentiation, which would be benefited to cultivate high-yield varieties in Z. armatum.

ORGANISM(S): Zanthoxylum armatum

PROVIDER: GSE195749 | GEO | 2022/08/10

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Papaya (Carica papaya) is a trioecious species, with female, male, and hermaphrodite plants. Because of sex segregation, selecting hermaphroditic plants is vital for orchard establishment due to their higher commercial value. In addition to the costly sexing step, environmental stresses can result in abnormal flower development. However, molecular mechanisms that regulate sex differentiation in papaya are still poorly known. Thus, this study aimed to identify proteins associated with sex development in female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya through comparative proteomic analysis. Proteins from flower buds at the early and late developmental stages of three papaya genotypes (UENF-CALIMAN 01, JS12, and Sunrise Solo 72/12) were studied via proteomic analysis via the combination of the shotgun method and nanoESI-HDMSE technology. In buds at an early stage of development, 496 proteins exhibited significantly different abundances between sexes for the SS72/12 genotype, 139 for the JS12 genotype, and 165 for the UC-01 genotype. At the final stage of development, there were 181 for SS72/12, 113 for JS12, and 125 for UC-01. The large group of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between the sexes was related to metabolism, as shown by the observation of only the proteins that exhibited the same pattern of accumulation in the three genotypes. Specifically, carbohydrate metabolism proteins were up-regulated in hermaphrodite flower buds early in development, while those linked to monosaccharide and amino acid metabolism increased during late development. Enrichment of sporopollenin and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways characterizes hermaphrodite samples across developmental stages, with predicted protein interactions highlighting the crucial role of phenylpropanoids in sporopollenin biosynthesis for pollen wall formation. Most of the DAPs played key roles in pectin, cellulose, and lignin synthesis and were essential for cell wall formation and male flower structure development, notably in the pollen coat. These findings suggest that hermaphrodite flowers require more energy for development, likely due to complex pollen wall formation. Overall, these insights illuminate the molecular mechanisms of papaya floral development, revealing complex regulatory networks and energetic demands in the formation of male reproductive structures.

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Integrated of transcriptome and plant growth substance profiles to reveal the floral sex differentiation in Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

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