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TET2 and TET3 loss disrupts small intestine differentiation and homeostasis [Bisulfite-seq]

ABSTRACT: The Ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA demethylases play a well-known role in epigenetic regulation and mouse development. However, their function in cellular differentiation and tissue homeostasis remains poorly understood . Since previous results have implied Tet2/3 in mouse intestinal inflammation, we ablated both enzymes in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Our results show that the corresponding mice developed a novel phenotype displaying a severe homeostasis imbalance and a blockage in differentiation trajectories. Transcriptomic, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (sm-FISH), and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the Tet2/3-deleted mice show a massive loss of mature Paneth cells concomitant with fewer Tuft and more enteroendocrine cells. Further results showed major changes in DNA methylation at putative enhancers, which were associated with cell fate-determining transcription factors and functional effector genes. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of DNA methylation partially rescued the methylation and cellular phenotypes. Moreover, the loss of Tet2/3 results in an altered microbiome, presumably increasing gut susceptibility to inflammatory signals (Ansari et al., 2020). Together, our results uncovered previously unrecognized critical roles for DNA demethylation in intestinal development and function, culminating in the establishment of normal intestinal crypts in mice.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE200227 | GEO | 2023/05/22

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Intestinal homeostasis is dynamically coordinated by various types of epithelial cells fulfilling their specific functions. Tuft cells as chemosensory cells have emerged as key players of the host response, such as innate immunity. Tuft cells are also critical for the restoration of intestinal architecture upon damage, thereby contributing to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) characterized by defective intestinal barrier integrity. However, the molecular mechanism of how tuft cell homeostasis is controlled remains obscure. Recent studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) gene associated with IBD predisposition. IPMK, an essential enzyme for inositol phosphate metabolism, has been known to mediate major biological events such as growth. To investigate the functional significance of IPMK in gut epithelium, we generated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific Ipmk knockout (IPMKΔIEC) mice. Whereas IPMKΔIEC mice developed normally and showed no intestinal abnormalities during homeostasis, Ipmk deletion aggravated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, with higher clinical colitis scores, and elevated epithelial barrier permeability. Surprisingly, no apparent defects in epithelial growth signaling pathway and inflammation were found in DSS-challenged, IPMK-deficient colons. Rather, Ipmk deletion led to a significant decrease in the number of tuft cells without influencing other intestinal epithelial cells. Ipmk deletion in the gut epithelium was found to reduce choline acetyltransferase but not cytokines (e.g., IL-25), suggesting selective loss of cholinergic signaling. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of mouse colonic tuft cells (EpCAM+/Siglec F+) and immunohistochemistry revealed three populations of tuft cells and further showed that, in IPMKΔIEC mice, a transcriptionally inactive tuft club cell population was markedly expanded, and neuronal-related tuft cells were relatively decreased, supporting the abnormal development of tuft cells without IPMK functions. Thus, IPMK acts as a physiological determinant of colonic tuft cell homeostasis, thereby mediating tissue regeneration upon injury.

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TET2 and TET3 loss disrupts small intestine differentiation and homeostasis [Bisulfite-seq]

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