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Single-molecule analysis of RNA:protein interactions reveals sequential binding of different YTHDF proteins to the same mRNA molecules [Polysome]

ABSTRACT: N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in gene expression control by recruiting the cytoplasmic reader proteins YTHDF1,2 and 3. Recently, the function of YTHDF proteins and whether they bind to shared or distinct sets of methylated mRNAs in cells has been the subject of debate. Here, we developed TRIBE-STAMP, an approach for single-molecule detection of the target RNAs of two RNA binding proteins simultaneously in cells. Applying TRIBE-STAMP to the YTHDF proteins revealed that most target mRNAs are shared among the three YTHDF proteins. Surprisingly, we also found that individual mRNA molecules can be bound by more than one YTHDF protein throughout their lifetime. Furthermore, we show that YTHDF proteins bind sequentially to target methylated mRNAs, with YTHDF1 binding before YTHDF2 or YTHDF3. Our data reveal shared molecular interactions among the YTHDF proteins and support a model in which YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 are unlikely to promote rapid mRNA decay.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE201538 | GEO | 2022/10/28

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Single-molecule analysis of RNA:protein interactions reveals sequential binding of different YTHDF proteins to the same mRNA molecules [TRIBE_STAMP]

Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in gene expression control by recruiting the cytoplasmic reader proteins YTHDF1,2 and 3. Recently, the function of YTHDF proteins and whether they bind to shared or distinct sets of methylated mRNAs in cells has been the subject of debate. Here, we developed TRIBE-STAMP, an approach for single-molecule detection of the target RNAs of two RNA binding proteins simultaneously in cells. Applying TRIBE-STAMP to the YTHDF proteins revealed that most target mRNAs are shared among the three YTHDF proteins. Surprisingly, we also found that individual mRNA molecules can be bound by more than one YTHDF protein throughout their lifetime. Furthermore, we show that YTHDF proteins bind sequentially to target methylated mRNAs, with YTHDF1 binding before YTHDF2 or YTHDF3. Our data reveal shared molecular interactions among the YTHDF proteins and support a model in which YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 are unlikely to promote rapid mRNA decay.

2022-10-28 | GSE200712 | GEO

Single-molecule analysis of RNA:protein interactions reveals sequential binding of different YTHDF proteins to the same mRNA molecules [RIP-Seq]

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Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and plays important roles in cell differentiation and organism development. It regulates multiple steps throughout the RNA life cycle including RNA processing, translation, and metabolism, via the recognition by selective binding proteins. In cytoplasm, m6A binding protein YTHDF1 facilitates translation of m6A-modified mRNAs, and YTHDF2 accelerates the decay of m6A-modified transcripts. The biological function of YTHDF3, another cytoplasmic m6A binder of the YTH domain family, remains unknown. Here, we report that YTHDF3 promotes protein synthesis in synergy with YTHDF1, and affects methylated mRNA decay mediated by YTHDF2. Cells deficient in all of YTHDF proteins experience the most dramatic accumulation of the m6A-methylated transcripts. These results indicate that in cytoplasm, YTHDF proteins act in an integrated and cooperative network to accelerate metabolism of m6A-modified mRNAs. The combinative and dynamic nature of YTHDF proteins may collectively impact fundamental biological processes and diseases related to m6A RNA methylation.

2016-09-15 | GSE86214 | GEO

Dynamic O-GlcNAcylation of YTHDF proteins controls translation of m6A-modified mRNA

Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal mRNA nucleotide modification in mammals, regulating critical aspects of cell physiology and differentiation. The YTHDF proteins are the primary readers of m6A modifications and exert physiological functions of m6A in the cytosol. Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of YTHDF proteins is critical to understanding m6A biology. Here, we report a mechanism that protein post-translational modifications control the biological functions of the YTHDF proteins. We find that YTHDF1 and YTHDF3, but not YTHDF2, carry high levels of nutrient-sensing O-GlcNAc modifications. O-GlcNAc modification attenuates the translation promoting function of YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 by blocking their interactions with proteins associated with mRNA translation. We further demonstrate that O-GlcNAc modifications on YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 regulate the assembly, stability, and disassembly of stress granule, facilitating rapid exchange of m6A-modified mRNAs in stress granules for recovery from stress. Therefore, our results discover an important regulatory pathway of YTHDF functions, adding an additional layer of complexity to the post-transcriptional regulation function of mRNA m6A.

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RNA-seq and ribosome profiling of heat shocked wild type and Mettl14 -/- mouse embryonic stem cells

Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic and reversible nucleotide modification in mRNA. m6A alters mRNA fate, but it is unclear why the effects of m6A can vary in different cellular contexts. Here we show that methylated mRNAs are catalysts for liquid-liquid phase separation of the YTHDF family of m6A-binding proteins. RNAs that contain multiple, but not single, m6A residues recruit multiple YTHDF proteins, causing them to undergo a proximity-induced phase separation. YTHDF proteins show liquid-like properties upon binding polymethylated mRNAs in cells, and partition into endogenous phase-separated compartments, such as P-bodies, neuronal RNA granules, and stress granules. The complexes of YTHDF proteins and polymethylated mRNAs are targeted to different compartments depending on the cell context, leading to different effects on m6A mRNAs. These studies reveal a role for nucleotide modifications in regulating phase separation and indicate that the cellular properties of m6A-modified mRNAs can be explained by liquid-liquid phase separation principles.

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m6A sequencing of HIV viral genomic RNA and infected host cell samples

Project description:The internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of eukaryotic nuclear RNA controls post-transcriptional gene expression, which is regulated by methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A-binding proteins (readers) in cells. The YTH domain family proteins (YTHDF1–3) bind to m6A-modified cellular RNAs and affect RNA metabolism and processing. Here, we show that YTHDF1–3 proteins recognize m6A-modified HIV-1 RNA and inhibit HIV-1 infection in cell lines and primary CD4+ T-cells. We further mapped the YTHDF1–3 binding sites in HIV-1 RNA from infected cells. We found that the overexpression of YTHDF proteins in cells inhibited HIV-1 infection mainly by decreasing HIV-1 reverse transcription, while knockdown of YTHDF1–3 in cells had the opposite effects. Moreover, silencing the m6A writers decreased HIV-1 Gag protein expression in virus-producing cells, while silencing the m6A erasers increased Gag expression. Our findings suggest an important role of m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA in viral infection and HIV-1 protein synthesis.

2016-08-18 | GSE85724 | GEO

Expression data from YTHDF1 or YTHDF2 down-regulated PC9

Project description:The human YTH domain family protein (YTHDF) family is RNA binding protein which specifically recognizes N6-methyladenosine (m6A), and exerts distinct roles in eukaryocytes; YTHDF1 promotes the translation of m6A modified mRNAs collaborating with initiation factors, and YTHDF2 reduces the stability of the m6A-modified transcripts. We used the Nanostring nCounter to detail the differential gene expression by YTHDF1 and YTHDF2.

2021-08-24 | GSE171634 | GEO

YTHDF2/3 are required for somatic reprogramming through different RNA deadenylation pathways

Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant reversible modification on eukaryote messenger RNA, is recognized by a series of readers, including the YT521-B homology domain family (YTHDF) proteins, which are coupled to perform physiological functions. Here, we report that YTHDF2 and YTHDF3, but not YTHDF1, are required for reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Mechanistically, we found that YTHDF3 recruits the PAN2-PAN3 deadenylase complex and conduces to reprogramming by promoting mRNA clearance of somatic genes, including Tead2 and Tgfb1, which parallels the activity of the YTHDF2-CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex. Ythdf2/3 deficiency further represses mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and chromatin silencing at loci containing the TEAD motif, contributing to decreased reprogramming efficiency. Moreover, RNA interference of Tgfb1 or the Hippo signaling effectors Yap1, Taz, and Tead2 rescues Ythdf2/3-defective reprogramming. Overall, YTHDF2/3 couple RNA deadenylation and regulation with the clearance of somatic genes provides insights into iPSC reprogramming at the posttranscriptional level.

2020-08-19 | GSE156437 | GEO

Ythdf m6A readers compensate each other in a context dependent manner [Ribo-seq]

Project description:YTH domain family proteins Ythdf1, Ythdf2, Ythdf3 are three readers with highly similar structure, which were shown to have different roles in the cell. However, their similarity and the fact that they tend to bind the same targets suggest that in some cases they may have an overlapping role. In this paper, we systematically knocked-out (KO) each of the three readers and the three together (triple-KO), and estimated the effect in-vitro in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and in-vivo, in viability and gametogenesis. We show that in mESCs there is a compensation between the three readers, with a dramatic hyper-pluripotent phenotype only in the triple-KO. However, in-vivo, Ythdf2 has a dominant role that cannot be compensated by Ythdf1 or Ythdf3, both in viability of the mouse pups and in gametogenesis. We suggest that compensation is dosage-dependent, and in-vivo we cannot detect it due to difference in the readers’ expression, both in level and in spatial location. In addition, we found that Ythdf1 and Ythdf3 specifically down-regulate 2-cell genes, that Ythdf2-KO in gametogenesis affects microtubuline related genes, and that Mettl3-KO severity is increased as the deletion occurs earlier in gametogenesis.

2020-06-04 | GSE148536 | GEO

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