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Single-nuclei RNA sequencing of the locus coeruleus and pericoerulear brain regions

ABSTRACT: As the primary source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain, the locus coeruleus (LC) regulates both arousal and stress responses, but how neuromodulatory inputs contribute to LC modulation remains incompletely understood. In this study, we isolated a network of transcriptionally diverse inhibitory pericoerulear (peri-LC) GABAergic neurons that integrate distant stimuli and modulate modes of LC firing. To define the peri-LC anatomy, we used viral tracing, single-nuclei and high-resolution spatial RNA transcriptomics to molecularly characterize both LC and peri-LC cell types. We complemented this approach with techniques in electrophysiology, photometry, optogenetics, and chemogenetics to probe the function of peri-LC neurons in behaving mice. These findings indicate that LC and peri-LC neurons comprise transcriptionally heterogenous neuronal groups which integrate diverse inputs to influence behavioral arousal states and avoidance. We used snRNAseq to characterize the peri-LC and LC brain regions. Our dataset contains 30,838 cells, of which 12,278 are neurons.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE201998 | GEO | 2025/01/31

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Unified visual perception relies on the integration of bottom-up and top-down inputs in the primary visual cortex (V1), with top-down inputs known to provide behavior-related modulation on visual processing. However, the organization of top-down inputs in V1 remains unclear. Here, using optogenetics-assisted circuit mapping, we characterized how multiple top-down inputs from higher-order cortical and thalamic areas engage excitatory and inhibitory neurons in V1. Systematic layer- and cell-type-specific profiling of the innervation properties of top-down inputs ultimately revealed that each top-down input employs a unique laminar profile when innervating V1. These profiles partially overlap in superficial layers, bypass layer 4 (L4), and clearly segregate upon reaching deep layers. Specifically, inputs from the medial secondary visual cortex (V2M) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACA) preferentially activate L6 neurons, while inputs from the ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex (ORBvl) and lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (LP) activate L5 neurons. Having defined the inputs, we conducted independent optogenetic activation studies and discovered that ORBvl and LP inputs selectively activate two types of pyramidal neurons (Pyrs) in L5: Pyr <-- ORBvl and Pyr <-- LP neurons, each with specific electrophysiological properties and gene expression profiles. Retrograde mapping subsequently revealed that Pyr <-- ORBvl neurons preferentially innervate subcortical areas and Pyr <-- LP neurons innervate cortical areas, indicating parallel processing of ORBvl and LP inputs in Pyr-type-specific subnetworks. Further, we found mutual inhibition between these two subnetworks, as LP inputs indirectly inhibit Pyr <-- ORBvl neurons and ORBvl inputs inhibit Pyr <-- LP neurons through local inhibitory neurons. Our study thus deepens understanding of the neuronal mechanisms involved in top-down modulation of visual processing by providing a valuable resource characterizing the layer- and cell-type-specific organization of top-down inputs in V1 and by revealing that L5 Pyr-type-specific subnetworks engage in parallel processing of corticocortical and thalamocortical top-down inputs.

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Single-nuclei RNA sequencing of the locus coeruleus and pericoerulear brain regions

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