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T cells produce interleukin-22 to promote CD155-driven lung metastasis

ABSTRACT: T cells are key players in immunosurveillance and anti-tumor immunity. However, subsets of T helper cells producing high levels of interleukin-22 (IL-22) accumulate in primary breast and lung tumors and are linked to a more dismal outcome. Here, we demonstrate that such TH22 cells promote metastasis by abrogating NK cell-mediated immune surveillance. Using mouse models of metastatic lung and breast cancer, we find that secreted IL-22 acts directly on disseminated cancer cells expressing the IL-22 receptor (IL-22R). In turn, IL-22 induces cancer cell overexpression of CD155, which binds to activating receptor CD226 on the surface of NK cells and triggers its downregulation. This functionally impairs NK cells to promote lung metastases. Importantly, neutralization of IL-22 in vivo blocked the metastatic potential of cancer cells, suggestive of therapeutic exploitability. We confirmed the paramount role of IL-22 signaling that was associated with CD155 expression in human datasets and marked poor patient outcomes. This study reveals an immunosuppressive feedback loop activated by T cell-derived IL-22 in cancer progression, creating the rationale for the development of future targeted therapeutics.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE202314 | GEO | 2022/06/30

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) endows cancer cells with pro-metastatic properties, which appear most effective when cells enter an intermediate hybrid (H) state, characterized by integrated mesenchymal (M) and epithelial (E) traits. The reasons for this advantage are poorly known and, especially, it is totally unexplored whether the interplay between H-cells and NK cells could have a role. Here we characterize the pro-metastatic mechanics of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) H-cells and their subset of cancer-initiating cells (CICs), dissecting crucial interactions with NK cells. Methods Human lung cancer cell lines and sub-lines representative of E, M, or H states, assessed by proteomics, were analysed in vivo for their tumor-forming and disseminating capabilities. Interactions with NK cells were investigated in vitro using migration assays, cytotoxic degranulation assays and evaluation of CD133+ CICs modulation after co-culture, and validated in vivo through NK cell neutralization assays. Correlation between EMT status, NK cell infiltration, and survival data, was evaluated in a cohort of surgically resected NSCLC cases (n=79). Results We demonstrated that H-cells, have limited dissemination capability but show highest potential to initiate metastases in vivo. This property was related to their ability to escape NK cell surveillance. Mechanistically, H-cells expressed low levels of NK-attracting chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL8), generating poorly infiltrated metastases. Accordingly, proteomics and GO enrichment analysis of E, H, M cell lines showed that the related secretory processes could change during EMT. Furthermore, H-CICs uniquely expressed high levels of the inhibitory ligand B7-H3, which protected H-CIC from NK cell-mediated clearance. In vivo neutralization assays confirmed that, indeed, the pro-metastatic properties of H-cells are poorly controlled by NK cells. Finally, the analysis of patients revealed that detection of hybrid phenotypes associated with low NK infiltration in NSCLC clinical specimens could identify a subset of patients with poor prognosis. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that H-cells play a central role in the metastatic spread in NSCLC. Such pro-metastatic advantage of H-cells is supported by their altered interaction with NK cells and by the critical role of B7H3 in preserving their H-CIC component, indicating B7H3 as a potential target in combined NK-based therapies.

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T cells produce interleukin-22 to promote CD155-driven lung metastasis

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