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GRHL2 enhances phosphorylated estrogen receptor DNA binding and regulates ER-mediated transcriptional activation and repression [Cut&Run]

ABSTRACT: Phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α (ER) at serine 118 (pS118-ER) is induced by estrogen and is the most abundant post-translational mark associated with a transcriptionally active receptor. Cistromic analysis of pS118-ER from our group found enrichment of the GRHL2 motif near pS118-ER binding sites. In this report we use cistromic and transcriptomic analyses to interrogate the relationship between GRHL2 and pS118-ER. We found that GRHL2 is bound to chromatin at pS118-ER/GRHL2 co-occupancy sites prior to ligand treatment, and GRHL2 binding is required for maximal pS118-ER recruitment. pS118-ER/GRHL2 co-occupancy sites were enriched at active enhancers marked by H3K27ac and H3K4me1, along with FOXA1 and p300. Transcriptomic analysis yielded four subsets of ER/GRHL2 co-regulated genes revealing that GRHL2 can both enhance and antagonize E2-mediated ER transcriptional activity. Gene ontology analysis identified several coregulated genes involved in cell migration. Accordingly, knockdown of GRHL2 combined with estrogen treatment resulted in increased cell migration but no change in proliferation. These results support a model in which GRHL2 binds to select enhancers and facilitates pS118-ER recruitment to chromatin which then results in differential activation and repression of genes that control ER-positive breast cancer cell migration.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE202619 | GEO | 2022/05/19

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Limited knowledge of the changes in estrogen receptor (ER) signaling during the transformation of the normal mammary gland to breast cancer hinders the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Differences in estrogen signaling between normal human primary breast epithelial cells and primary breast tumors obtained immediately following surgical excision were explored. Transcriptional profiling of normal ER+ mature luminal mammary epithelial cells and ER+ breast tumors revealed significant difference in the response to estrogen stimulation. Consistent with these differences in gene expression, the normal and tumor ER cistromes were distinct and sufficient to segregate normal breast tissues from breast tumors. The selective enrichment of the DNA binding motif GRHL2 in the breast cancer-specific ER cistrome suggests that it may play a role in the differential function of ER in breast cancer. Depletion of GRHL2 resulted in altered ER binding and differential transcriptional responses to estrogen stimulation. Furthermore, GRHL2 was demonstrated to be essential for estrogen-stimulated proliferation of ER+ breast cancer cells. DLC1 was also identified as an estrogen-induced tumor suppressor in the normal mammary gland with decreased expression in breast cancer. In clinical cohorts, loss of DLC1 and gain of GRHL2 expression are associated with breast cancer and are independently predictive for worse survival. This study suggests that normal ER signaling is lost and tumor-specific ER signaling is gained during breast tumorigenesis. Unraveling these changes in ER signaling during breast cancer progression should aid the development of more effective prevention strategies and targeted therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Abnormal estrogen receptor (ER) signaling drives the majority of breast cancers and is targeted by endocrine therapies. However, in normal breast tissue, ER signaling has been demonstrated to promote benign functions such as development and differentiation. Using genomic techniques to characterize ER function in normal breast and breast tumors, this study reveals differential patterns of ER signaling, suggesting that normal ER signaling is lost and tumorigenic ER signaling gained during breast tumor formation. Better understanding of this process can aid the development of improved breast cancer prevention strategies and therapies.

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GRHL2 enhances phosphorylated estrogen receptor DNA binding and regulates ER-mediated transcriptional activation and repression [Cut&Run]

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