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F. nucleatum-derived succinic acid induces tumor resistance to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer

ABSTRACT: At present, the mechanisms underlying the association between gut microbiota metabolites and immunotherapy in CRC remain unknown. Here, we conducted a multiomics analysis of a cohort of patients with mCRC and found that F.nucleatum was more abundant in patients who did not respond to immunotherapy. We also found that F. nucleatum diminished the sensitivity to anti-PD-1 mAb through its metabolite succinic acid. Accordingly, patients with lower serum succinic acid levels achieved a better response to immunotherapy. Mechanistically, F.nucleatum-derived succinic acid suppressed the cGAS-interferon-β pathway, consequently dampening the antitumor response by limiting CD8+ T-cell trafficking to the tumor microenvironment in vivo. Treatment with metronidazole reduced intestinal F.nucleatum abundance and thereby decreased serum succinic acid levels, thus resensitizing the tumors to immunotherapy in vivo. Collectively, our findings indicate that F. nucleatum and its metabolite succinic acid induce tumor resistance to immunotherapy and offer new insights into microbiota-metabolite-immune crosstalk in CRC.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE209864 | GEO | 2023/12/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:To understand cell responses against high succinate stress, a continuous culture was performed for 9 months using a wild Escherichia coli under gradually increasing succinate stress. The final adapted strain against high succinate stress, named DST160, was able to grow with no lag phase in medium containing 1.35 M of succinate stress while wild W3110 showed more than 38 h lag phase. The maximum growth rate and growth yield of DST160 under the stress condition were 0.20 h-1 and 0.192 g-cell/g-glucose, which were 53.8 % and 12.3 % higher than those of W3110 (0.13 h-1 and 0.171 g-cell/g-glucose, respectively). A single colony of E. coli W3110 was inoculated into a 15-mL tube containing 4 mL of LB medium. After 12 h cultivation in a shaking incubator at 37℃ and 220 rpm, pre-culture (1 mL) was transferred to a 250 mL-fermentor (Mini-chemostat fermentor; Biotron Inc., Bucheon, Korea) containing 100 mL medium consisted of M9-glucose minimal medium (3 g glucose , 0.8 g NH4Cl, 0.5 g NaCl, 7.5 g Na2HPO4•2H2O, 3 g KH2PO4 with separately added trace elements of 0.2 g MgSO4•7H2O, 0.1 g CaCl2, 1 mg thiamine) per liter supplemented with 254 mmole of succinate (30 g succinic acid) per liter. The initial pH of the medium was set to be pH 7.5 by adding 6N NaOH. The fermentor was operated at 37℃, 350 rpm with air flushing (100 mL/min.). After 12 h batch mode growth, feeding and outlet pumps were turned on at flow rate of 0.167 mL/min (Dilution rate=0.1 h-1). The fresh medium reservoir (10 L) contained the same contents and pH with the initial medium. Every 10 turnover time (100 h), the reservoir was changed with the same medium composition except succinate concentration. The succinate concentration of the reservoir was gradually increased by 25.4 ~ 84.7 mM (3 ~ 10 g/L of succinic acid) at a time than previous states depending on the cell concentrations at the outlet. When the cell concentration was reduced below O.D.=0.2, succinate feeding pump was temporarily stopped to go back to the slightly lower succinate concentration. The continuous culture was performed until the steady state when succinate in the reservoir reached 1.35 M (160 g/L in succinic acid form). The final adapted cells in 100 mL culture were harvested by centrifuge and frozen rapidly in a liquid nitrogen tank for further analyses including DNA microarray. To understand the change of up/down regulations in the high-succinate adapted E. coli, total mRNAs of control cells and the adapted E. coli cells were extracted using a RNA extraction kit (RNeasy mini kit; Quiagen, Hilden, Germany), and the transcriptomes were compared using DNA microarray. Hybridization and washing were accomplished by a facility of Digital Genomics Co (Seoul, Korea). DNA microarray were scanned using an Axon GenePix 4000B Scanner (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA, USA), and the scanned images were analyzed with GenePix Pro 3.0 software to obtain gene expression ratios.

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F. nucleatum-derived succinic acid induces tumor resistance to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer

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