Project description:Using standardized, semipurified diets is a crucial factor for reproducibility of experimental nutritional studies. For the purpose of comparability and integration of research, two European consortia, Mitofood and BIOCLAIMS, proposed an AIN-93-based standard reference diet, the standardized BIOCLAIMS low-fat diet (LFD) as well as a high-fat diet (HFD). In order to evaluate the BIOCLAIMS LFD and HFD, we performed short-term (5 days) and long-term (12 weeks) feeding experiments using male C57BL/6 mice. The HFD has the same composition as the LFD except the fat content is increased to 40% energy in exchange for carbohydrates. Both diets were accepted by the animals and proof of principle was given that the BIOCLAIMS HFD increases body weight and body fat and affects glucose homeostasis. Short-term feeding trials (5 days) were performed in order to identify metabolic and molecular parameters which can serve as acute predictors for metabolic disorders due to high-fat diet-induced obesity. We analyzed gene expression in gonadal white adipose tissue of short- and long-term fed animals with whole genome microarrays. The BIOCLAIMS HFD strongly influenced gene expression in white adipose tissue after short- and long-term intervention. A total number of 973 and 4678 transcripts were significantly different between both diets after 5 days feeding and 12 weeks feeding, respectively. A total number of 764 transcripts encoding 549 genes were significantly differentially regulated between LF and HF animals after 12 weeks feeding as well as after 5 days feeding. Of these 549 overlapping genes, a substantial number (434 genes) were expressed at a lower level and 115 genes were expressed at a higher level in the HF mice compared to the LF mice. Without exception, all genes were regulated equally. Pathway analysis revealed a prominent role for genes involved in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. This was confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. The high predictive value of gene expression changes in our short-term study compared to long-term high fat feeding is a promising step to get well-defined, early biomarkers that could shorten animal trials considerably and allow a more rapid and efficient screening of different compounds. C57BL/6J wildtype male mice, aged 12 weeks, received a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet for 5 days or 12 weeks. After sacrification, white adipose tissue depots were dissected, and immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was isolated, quantified and qualified, and subsequently used for global gene expression profiling using Agilent 4x44K microarrays.

Project description:Using standardized, semipurified diets is a crucial factor for reproducibility of experimental nutritional studies. For the purpose of comparability and integration of research, two European consortia, Mitofood and BIOCLAIMS, proposed an AIN-93-based standard reference diet, the standardized BIOCLAIMS low-fat diet (LFD) as well as a high-fat diet (HFD). In order to evaluate the BIOCLAIMS LFD and HFD, we performed short-term (5 days) and long-term (12 weeks) feeding experiments using male C57BL/6 mice. The HFD has the same composition as the LFD except the fat content is increased to 40% energy in exchange for carbohydrates. Both diets were accepted by the animals and proof of principle was given that the BIOCLAIMS HFD increases body weight and body fat and affects glucose homeostasis. Short-term feeding trials (5 days) were performed in order to identify metabolic and molecular parameters which can serve as acute predictors for metabolic disorders due to high-fat diet-induced obesity. We analyzed gene expression in gonadal white adipose tissue of short- and long-term fed animals with whole genome microarrays. The BIOCLAIMS HFD strongly influenced gene expression in white adipose tissue after short- and long-term intervention. A total number of 973 and 4678 transcripts were significantly different between both diets after 5 days feeding and 12 weeks feeding, respectively. A total number of 764 transcripts encoding 549 genes were significantly differentially regulated between LF and HF animals after 12 weeks feeding as well as after 5 days feeding. Of these 549 overlapping genes, a substantial number (434 genes) were expressed at a lower level and 115 genes were expressed at a higher level in the HF mice compared to the LF mice. Without exception, all genes were regulated equally. Pathway analysis revealed a prominent role for genes involved in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. This was confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. The high predictive value of gene expression changes in our short-term study compared to long-term high fat feeding is a promising step to get well-defined, early biomarkers that could shorten animal trials considerably and allow a more rapid and efficient screening of different compounds.

Project description:Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has significantly facilitated the analysis of the gene profile and elucidated the molecular mechanisms important for specific cell lineage differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here we report the application of RNA-sequencing technology for transcriptome profile of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and hPSC-derived BMECs, and comparison of transcriptomes among cells, including hPSCs, mesodermal progenitors, ectodermal progenitors, endodermal progenitors, hBMECs and hPSC-derived BMECs from hPSCs. Four different BMEC samples differentiated from hPSCs by two different methods and hBMECs were performed in IIIumina HiSeq2500. The resulting sequence reads (about 20 million reads per sample) were mapped to human genome (hg19) using HISAT, and the RefSeq transcript levels (FPKMs) were quantified using the python script rpkmforgenes.py. We next analyzed the expression of a subset of genes that regulate key BBB attributes, including tight junctions and molecular transporters. The gene set comprises 20 tight junction-related genes and an unbiased list of all 25 CLDN genes, all 407 solute carrier (SLC) transporters, and all 53 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters regardless of prior knowledge of BBB association. Primary human BMECs expressed 234 of these genes. BMECs differentiated from hPSCs via the defined method expressed many of these same genes (206 of 234 (88%)) as did BMECs differentiated via the UM method (208 of 234 (89%), indicating a close similarity between hPSC-derived BMECs and primary human BMECs with respect to transcripts having likely relevance to BBB function. RNA sequencing was used to compare global gene expression profiles in the hPSC-derived BMECs with BMECs generated from our previously reported co-differentiation system and primary human BMECs. As expected, hPSC-derived BMECs from three independent differentiations clustered closely and were similar to those generated from the undefined UM platform. Moreover, the hPSC-derived BMECs clustered with primary human BMECs and were distinct from undifferentiated hPSCs and hPSC-derived ectoderm, endoderm and mesodermThis study provides detailed transcriptome comparison between hBMECs and hPSC-derived BMECs and unveils important genes related BMEC phenotypes.

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Reduced Notch signaling in BBB vascular endothelial cells mediates high fat diet-induced alterations in brain glucose uptake and insulin signaling

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