Project description:Grafting is a well-established practice for grapevine to facilitate propagation of productive and tolerant cultivars against several stress factors. It is also considered to be a suitable method for studying molecular aspects of root-to-shoot and/or shoot-to-root signaling events. So far, controlling only effect of rootstock over scion was investigated and root-to-shoot transcriptomic alterations were fallowed on the scions or graft interfaces. The objective of this study was to investigate transcriptomic and physiological influence of scion on the rootstock under drought stress. Therefore, drought tolerant 110R rootstock were firstly grafted with sultana seedless and tested under drought stress with its non-grafted counterpart. The results of treatment indicated that grafted 110R performed the highest root elongation under drought. We carried out a microarray based transcriptome analysis on the roots of grafted and non-grafted 110R to explain this drought derived interaction through scion-to-rootstock. The highest expression increase under drought was recorded for sugar (SWEET) and nitrate or di/tri-peptide (NRT1/ PTR FAMILY) transporter proteins. Expression level of these genes was more highly increased in grafted 110R than its non-grafted counterpart. This situation indicated their potential role in drought tolerance and scion/rootstock harmony. Overexpression of these transporters attributed to increased amount of released nutrient and nitrogen source from abscised leaves of sultana seedless under drought. Remobilization of these rich sources was suggested to chance transcriptomic response of rootstocks and enabled much better growth in grafted 110R. Other transcripts annotated to cell wall modification enzymes (chitinases), osmoregulator proteins (dehydrins, proline-glycine rich proteins) and secondary metabolites (stilbene synthase) were also more highly induced in grafted 110R. This is the first report indicating transcriptomic influence of scion on the grapevine rootstocks and representing the genes responsible in scion/rootstock harmony and drought tolerance.

Project description:Whole-genome duplication, or polyploidy, is common in many plant species and often leads to better adaptation to adverse environmental condition. However, little is known about the physiological and molecular determinants underlying adaptation. We examined the drought tolerance in diploid (2x) and autotetraploid (4x) clones of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) rootstocks grafted with 2x Valencia Delta sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scions, named V/2xRL and V/4xRL, respectively. Physiological experiments to study root-shoot communication associated with gene expression studies in roots and leaves were performed. V/4xRL was much more tolerant to water deficit than V/2xRL. Gene expression analysis in leaves and roots showed that more genes related to the response to water stress were differentially expressed in V/2xRL than in V/4xRL. Prior to the stress, when comparing V/4xRL to V/2xRL, V/4xRL leaves had lower stomatal conductance and greater abscisic acid (ABA) content. In roots, ABA content was higher in V/4xRL and was associated to a greater expression of drought responsive genes, including CsNCED1, a pivotal regulatory gene of ABA biosynthesis. We conclude that tetraploidy modifies the expression of genes in citrus roots to regulate long-distance ABA signaling and adaptation to stress. Transcriptional profiling of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scion leaves comparing control untreated with water deficit conditions. We examined the drought tolerance in diploid (2x) and autotetraploid (4x) clones of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) rootstocks grafted with 2x Valencia Delta sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scions, named V/2xRL and V/4xRL, respectively. Physiological studies showed that V/4xRL was much more tolerant to water deficit than V/2xRL. Global gene expression changes induced by water deficit were monitored in the leaves of V/2xRL and V/4xRL by microarray hybridization. The Citrus genome-wide cDNA microarray was used, which includes 21,081 putative unigenes described in Martinez-Godoy et al. (2008). Two independent microarray hybridization experiments with leaves of the 2x Valencia Delta orange alternatively grafted onto 2x or 4x RL rootstocks were respectively performed. For each experiment, the Cy-labelled cDNA of control leaves was hybridized with labelled cDNA from water-stressed samples. To avoid Cy3 and CY5 dye-related artefacts, control and water-stressed cDNA samples were dye-swapped and used to hybridize four slides corresponding to different combinations of the four biological replicates obtained from every treatment. The microarray hybridizations were performed according to Allario et al. (2011). A GenePix 4000B microarray scanner (Axon Instruments, Inc.) and the GenePix Pro 4.1 acquisition software were used to scan the chips at 5-10 M-BM-5m resolution. Photomultiplier gains for the two channels were adjusted so that the ratio of total intensities was approximately 1 and the percentage of saturated spots was about 1%. High-resolution tiff images were generated and used for quantification of gene expression data. Spot positions were identified on the colour images and quality flags were assigned to individual spots both automatic and manually. Only spots with background-subtracted foreground intensity greater than two in at least one channel were used, and only microarrays with optimal hybridization data were pre-processed and normalized for further analyses. Raw data were imported into the R computing environment for pre-processing, visualization, and statistical analysis. To identify probes showing significant differential gene expression between samples, the Linear Models in Microarrays (LIMMA; Smyth, 2005) software package was used. Pre-processing and normalization of two-color microarray data including signal intensity, background correction, uniformity of the expression ratio over the chip surface (within-array normalization), and normality of M-value distributions were evaluated according to Smyth and Speed (2003). M-value was defined as the logarithm in base-2 of water-deficit versus control expression ratio. Reproducibility between replicates that were assessed indicated that the experimental system provided consistent signals in spots corresponding to the same gene and acceptable low variability between biological replicates (not shown). P-values associated to the statistical analysis of differential expression obtained from Limma analysis are corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) procedure (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995). Differences in gene expression were considered to be significant when the M-value was higher than 0.7 (absolute value) and the FDR-adjusted P-value was smaller than 0.05.

Project description:Whole-genome duplication, or polyploidy, is common in many plant species and often leads to better adaptation to adverse environmental condition. However, little is known about the physiological and molecular determinants underlying adaptation. We examined the drought tolerance in diploid (2x) and autotetraploid (4x) clones of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) rootstocks grafted with 2x Valencia Delta sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scions, named V/2xRL and V/4xRL, respectively. Physiological experiments to study root-shoot communication associated with gene expression studies in roots and leaves were performed. V/4xRL was much more tolerant to water deficit than V/2xRL. Gene expression analysis in leaves and roots showed that more genes related to the response to water stress were differentially expressed in V/2xRL than in V/4xRL. Prior to the stress, when comparing V/4xRL to V/2xRL, V/4xRL leaves had lower stomatal conductance and greater abscisic acid (ABA) content. In roots, ABA content was higher in V/4xRL and was associated to a greater expression of drought responsive genes, including CsNCED1, a pivotal regulatory gene of ABA biosynthesis. We conclude that tetraploidy modifies the expression of genes in citrus roots to regulate long-distance ABA signaling and adaptation to stress. Transcriptional profiling of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scion leaves comparing control untreated with water deficit conditions. We examined the drought tolerance in diploid (2x) and autotetraploid (4x) clones of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) rootstocks grafted with 2x Valencia Delta sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) scions, named V/2xRL and V/4xRL, respectively. Physiological studies showed that V/4xRL was much more tolerant to water deficit than V/2xRL. Global gene expression changes induced by water deficit were monitored in the leaves of V/2xRL and V/4xRL by microarray hybridization. The Citrus genome-wide cDNA microarray was used, which includes 21,081 putative unigenes described in Martinez-Godoy et al. (2008). Two independent microarray hybridization experiments with leaves of the 2x Valencia Delta orange alternatively grafted onto 2x or 4x RL rootstocks were respectively performed. For each experiment, the Cy-labelled cDNA of control leaves was hybridized with labelled cDNA from water-stressed samples. To avoid Cy3 and CY5 dye-related artefacts, control and water-stressed cDNA samples were dye-swapped and used to hybridize four slides corresponding to different combinations of the four biological replicates obtained from every treatment. The microarray hybridizations were performed according to Allario et al. (2011). A GenePix 4000B microarray scanner (Axon Instruments, Inc.) and the GenePix Pro 4.1 acquisition software were used to scan the chips at 5-10 M-BM-5m resolution. Photomultiplier gains for the two channels were adjusted so that the ratio of total intensities was approximately 1 and the percentage of saturated spots was about 1%. High-resolution tiff images were generated and used for quantification of gene expression data. Spot positions were identified on the colour images and quality flags were assigned to individual spots both automatic and manually. Only spots with background-subtracted foreground intensity greater than two in at least one channel were used, and only microarrays with optimal hybridization data were pre-processed and normalized for further analyses. Raw data were imported into the R computing environment for pre-processing, visualization, and statistical analysis. To identify probes showing significant differential gene expression between samples, the Linear Models in Microarrays (LIMMA; Smyth, 2005) software package was used. Pre-processing and normalization of two-color microarray data including signal intensity, background correction, uniformity of the expression ratio over the chip surface (within-array normalization), and normality of M-value distributions were evaluated according to Smyth and Speed (2003). M-value was defined as the logarithm in base-2 of water-deficit versus control expression ratio. Reproducibility between replicates that were assessed indicated that the experimental system provided consistent signals in spots corresponding to the same gene and acceptable low variability between biological replicates (not shown). P-values associated to the statistical analysis of differential expression obtained from Limma analysis are corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) procedure (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995). Differences in gene expression were considered to be significant when the M-value was higher than 0.7 (absolute value) andthe FDR-adjusted P-value was smaller than 0.05.

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Rootstock induced scion resistance against tobacco mosaic virus is associated with the induction of defense related transcripts and graft transmissible mRNAs

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