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Insect-Specific Chimeric Viruses Potentiated Antiviral Responses and Inhibited Pathogenic Alphavirus Growth in Mosquito Cells

ABSTRACT: Most alphaviruses are transmitted by mosquito vectors and infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, with a few exceptions. Eilat virus (EILV) in this genus is characterized by a host range restricted to mosquitoes. Its chimeric viruses have been developed as safe and effective vaccine candidates and diagnostic tools. Here, we investigated the interactions between these insect-specific viruses (ISVs) and mosquito cells, unveiling their potential roles in determining vector competence and arbovirus transmission. By RNA sequencing, we found that these ISVs profoundly modified host cell gene expression profiles. Two EILV-based chimeras, consisting of EILV’s nonstructural genes and the structural genes of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), namely EILV/CHIKV (E/C) and EILV/VEEV (E/V), induced more intensive transcriptome regulation than parental EILV and activated different antiviral mechanisms in host cells. We demonstrated that E/C robustly promoted antimicrobial peptide production and E/V strongly upregulated the RNA interference pathway components. This also highlighted the intrinsic divergences between CHIKV and VEEV, representatives of the Old World and New World alphaviruses. In contrast, EILV triggered a limited antiviral response. We further showed that initial chimera infections efficiently inhibited subsequent pathogenic alphavirus replication, especially in the case of E/V infection, which almost prevented VEEV and Sindbis virus (SINV) superinfections. Altogether our study provided valuable information on developing ISVs as biological control agents.

ORGANISM(S): Aedes albopictus

PROVIDER: GSE220562 | GEO | 2023/01/19

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Pooled CRISPR knock-out (KO) screens using live viruses are a proven and valuable approach to identify essential host factors acting across the viral life cycle. Here we describe the development of a pooled, genome-wide CRISPR KO screening approach using stable viral replicon cell lines to specifically target host genes essential for viral replication complex formation and function. We benchmarked this approach with dengue virus 2 (DENV2), a model virus with well-established replicon systems and knowledge of the host factors requirements for replication. We developed a stable fluorescent DENV2 replicon cell line to perform a pooled genome wide FACS-based CRISPR KO screen. Our benchmark DENV2 screen successfully identified previously known host factors involved in DENV replication such as components of the ER membrane complex (EMC) and oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. In addition, 2 other genes identified in the screen (DOHH and ZFP36L2) were validated to impact DENV2 replication. We extended the replicon screening approach to two different classes of viruses - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a positive sense RNA virus that is known to replicate at the plasma membrane, and Zaire Ebola Virus (ZEBOV), a negative sense RNA virus that replicates in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The CHIKV replicon screen identified several important host factors involved in CHIKV replication, including CSDE1 and GOLGA7 that were successfully validated in the context of live CHIKV infection. A distinct set of host factors such as Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 and 2 (EHMT1, 2), and Ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (USP7) were identified in the ZEBOV replicon screen and were further validated using independent transient transfection assays. Comparative analysis of the combined hits from all 3 screens reveals distinct subsets of host pathway requirements for each virus. Thus, viral replicons-based screens can be a useful tool that can be extended to diverse classes of viruses to identify host pathways essential for viral replication and to uncover potential novel targets for host-directed antiviral therapeutics.

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Insect-Specific Chimeric Viruses Potentiated Antiviral Responses and Inhibited Pathogenic Alphavirus Growth in Mosquito Cells

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