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Early loss of microglial p38alpha in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease reduces microglial uptake of amyloid beta without exacerbating amyloid-associated neuropathology

ABSTRACT: Background: The p38 alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38a) pathway is linked to both innate and adaptive immune responses, and as such, is currently under active investigation as a target for drug development in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other conditions with neuroinflammatory dysfunction. While preclinical data has shown that p38a inhibition can protect against AD-associated neuropathology, the underlying mechanisms are only partially elucidated. Inhibitors of p38a may provide benefit via modulation of microglial-associated neuroinflammatory responses that contribute to the development of AD pathology. The present study tests this hypothesis by knocking out microglial p38a and assessing early-stage pathological changes. Materials and methods: Conditional knockout of microglial p38a was accomplished in 5-month-old C57BL/6J wild-type and amyloidogenic AD model (APPswe/PS1dE9) mice using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre/loxP system. Beginning at 7.5 months of age, animals underwent behavioral assessment on the open field and radial arm water maze tests, followed by collection of cortical and hippocampal tissues at 11 months. Additional endpoint measures included microglial RNA-seq analysis, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines, assessment of amyloid burden and plaque deposition, and characterization of microglia-plaque dynamics using a combination of ELISA, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescent techniques. Results: Loss of microglial p38a did not alter behavioral outcomes, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, or overall amyloid plaque burden. However, this manipulation did significantly increase hippocampal levels of soluble Abeta42 and reduce colocalization of Iba1 and 6E10 in a subset microglia in close proximity to plaques, indicating that p38a suppression may alter microglial phagocytosis. Conclusion: The data presented here suggest that rather than reducing inflammation per se, the net effect of microglial p38a inhibition in the context of AD-type amyloid pathology could be an alteration of phagocytosis and/or plaque deposition. Additionally, these results support future investigations of microglial p38a signaling at different stages of disease, as well as its relationship to phagocytic processes in this particular cell-type.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE222257 | GEO | 2023/06/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet numerous studies have demonstrated a beneficial role for neuroinflammation in amyloid plaque clearance. We have previously shown that sustained expression of IL-1β in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice decreases amyloid plaque burden independent of recruited CCR2+ myeloid cells, suggesting resident microglia as the main phagocytic effectors of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance. To date, however, the mechanisms of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance remain poorly understood. To determine whether IL-1β-induced plaque clearance is due to enhanced microglial phagocytosis of Aβ, APP/PS1 mice induced to express mature human IL-1β in the hippocampus via adenoviral transduction were treated with the Aβ fluorescent probe methoxy-X04 (MX04) and microglial internalization of Aβ was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We found that resident microglia (CD45loCD11b+) constituted >70% of the MX04+ cells in both control and IL-1β-treated conditions, and that <10% of MX04+ cells were recruited myeloid cells (CD45hiCD11b+). However, we found that IL-1β treatment did not augment the percentage of MX04+ microglia nor the quantity of Aβ internalized by individual microglia. Instead, we found that IL-1β treatment resulted in a significant increase in the total number of MX04+ microglia in the hippocampus due to IL-1β-induced proliferation. Consistent with these results, transcriptomic analyses revealed very similar gene expression profiles between MX04+ and MX04- microglia, indicating IL-1β does not drive enhanced expression of phagocytosis-related genes. By contrast, IL-1β treatment was associated with large-scale changes in the expression of genes related to proliferation, immune function and inflammation. Together, these studies demonstrate that IL-1β induces microglial proliferation and the expression of genes involved in inflammatory immune functions that may be related to Aβ clearance.