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SOX17 initiates an immune evasion program in early colorectal cancers [ATAC-seq]

ABSTRACT: In addition to accumulation of step-wise genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations play critical roles in the evolution of colon cancers. However, distinct mutational patterns and patient backgrounds render it challenging to distinguish driver epigenetic alterations from passenger epigenetic alterations. To address this, we combined the colon cancer organoid orthotopic transplantation approach with comprehensive epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses. We found that an in vivo environment induces epigenetic alterations with fetal intestinal features that converge on SOX17, a transcription factor that is required for endoderm development. Surprisingly, SOX17 knockout leads to tumour rejection in immunocompetent mice, but not in immunodeficient mice, by turning immune cold tumours into hot with robust infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, SOX17 suppresses Ifngr1-mediated MHC-I expression to evade CD8+ T cell-mediated tumour cell killing. At the tumour initiation, SOX17 expression is induced by APC loss, and SOX17 facilitates the production of LGR5- cells with low MHC-I expression to evade immune surveillance. Together, our result reveals that SOX17 is a master transcriptional factor that induces in vivo epigenetic reprograming of tumours, which provides fundamental understanding of how an immune evasion program is initiated at the early stages of colon cancer development.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE222712 | GEO | 2024/02/28

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background and aims: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. Incidence is increasing worldwide and these cancers collectively represent the second most common primary liver tumour. CCAs are characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations that determine their pathogenesis. Hypermethylation of the SOX17 promoter was recently reported in human CCA tumours. SOX17 seems to be a key transcription factor for biliary embryogenesis. Here, we evaluated the role of SOX17 in cholangiocyte differentiation and in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Methods: SOX17 expression and function was evaluated during the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into cholangiocytes, in the dedifferentiation of normal human cholangiocytes (NHC) and in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Lentiviruses overexpressing or knocking-down SOX17 (Lent-SOX17 and Lent-shRNA-SOX17, respectively) were used. Gene expression arrays were performed. Results: SOX17 expression is highly induced in the later stages of cholangiocyte differentiation from iPSC, and mediates the acquisition of the biliary markers cytokeratin (CK) 7 and 19, as well as fibronectin. In addition, SOX17 becomes progressively downregulated in NHC over serial cell passages in vitro and this event is associated with cellular senescence; however, experimental SOX17 knocking-down in differentiated NHC decreased the expression of both CK7 and 19 without affecting cellular senescence. SOX17 expression is reduced in CCA cells compared to NHC, as well as in human CCA tissue compared to human gallbladder tissue or NHC. In a murine xenograft model, overexpression of SOX17 in CCA cells decreased their tumorigenic capacity related to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. Interestingly, overexpression of SOX17 in NHC did not affect their survival. Moreover, SOX17 overexpression inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin-dependent proliferation in CCA cells and was associated with upregulation of biliary epithelial markers and restoration of the primary cilium length. Both Wnt3a and TGFβ1 decreased SOX17 expression in NHC in a DNMT1-dependent manner. Inhibition of DNMT1 in CCA cells with siRNAs or pharmacological drugs upregulated SOX17 expression. Conclusion: SOX17 regulates the cholangiocyte phenotype and becomes epigenetically downregulated in CCA. SOX17 acts as a tumour suppressor in CCA, and restoration of its expression may have important therapeutic value.

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SOX17 initiates an immune evasion program in early colorectal cancers [ATAC-seq]

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