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Toll-like receptor 3 mediates calcific aortic valve disease via a conserved mechanism of calcification

ABSTRACT: The molecular mechanisms underlying valvular immunaging are not well understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved pattern recognition receptors at the interface between innate immunity and tissue repair. Here, we identify TLR3 as a central molecular regulator of calcification in cells exposed to mechanical strain. TLR3 is responsible for the phenotypic switch of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to bone-forming cells in aortic valves and drives bone formation in vertebrates. Tlr3-/- mice exhibit an osteoporotic phenotype and are protected from CAVD. Moreover, we uncover biglycan (BGN), an extracellular matrix protein released upon mechanical tissue damage, as the first known endogenous TLR3-ligand and provide compelling evidence for receptor-ligand interaction. Our results reveal novel insights in the pathogenesis of CAVD and uncover TLR3 as a potential therapeutic target to prevent cardiovascular calcification and death.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE223543 | GEO | 2023/02/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Toll-like receptor 3 mediates calcific aortic valve disease via a conserved mechanism of calcification

Project description:The molecular mechanisms underlying valvular immunaging are not well understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionary conserved pattern recognition receptors at the interface between innate immunity and tissue repair. Here, we identify TLR3 as a central molecular regulator of calcification in cells exposed to mechanical strain. TLR3 is responsible for the phenotypic switch of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to bone-forming cells in aortic valves and drives bone formation in vertebrates. Tlr3-/- mice exhibit an osteoporotic phenotype and are protected from CAVD. Moreover, we uncover biglycan (BGN), an extracellular matrix protein released upon mechanical tissue damage, as the first known endogenous TLR3-ligand and provide compelling evidence for receptor-ligand interaction. Our results reveal novel insights in the pathogenesis of CAVD and uncover TLR3 as a potential therapeutic target to prevent cardiovascular calcification and death.

2020-10-01 | GSE138360 | GEO

The alterations of gene expression in aortic valve from calcific aortic valve disease patients

Project description:Calcification of the aortic valve leads to increased leaflet stiffness resulting in development of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD); however, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of calcification are poorly understood. Here, we investigated gene expressions in relation to valvular calcification and promotion of CAVD progression.

2016-01-28 | GSE77287 | GEO

Inhibitory Role of Notch1 in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease

Project description:Aortic valve calcification is the most common form of valvular heart disease, but the mechanisms of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) are unknown. NOTCH1 mutations are associated with aortic valve malformations and adult-onset calcification in families with inherited disease. The Notch signaling pathway is critical for multiple cell differentiation processes, but its role in the development of CAVD is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular changes that occur with inhibition of Notch signaling in the aortic valve. Notch signaling pathway members are expressed in adult aortic valve cusps, and examination of diseased human aortic valves revealed decreased expression of NOTCH1 in areas of calcium deposition. To identify downstream mediators of Notch1, we examined gene expression changes that occur with chemical inhibition of Notch signaling in rat aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). We found significant downregulation of Sox9 along with several cartilage-specific genes that were direct targets of the transcription factor, Sox9. Loss of expression Sox9 has been published to be associated with aortic valve calcification. Utilizing an in vitro porcine aortic valve calcification model system, inhibition of Notch activity resulted in accelerated calcification while stimulation of Notch signaling attenuated the calcific process. Finally, the addition of Sox9 was able to prevent the calcification of porcine AVICs that occurs with Notch inhibition. In conclusion, loss of Notch signaling contributes to aortic valve calcification via a Sox9-dependent mechanism. 3 samples of aortic valve interstitial cells treated with DAPT were compared with 3 samples of aortic valve interstitial cells treated with DMSO

2011-08-25 | E-GEOD-31668 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Sortilin Drives Valvular Interstitial Cells to a Combined Inflammatory Myofibroblast-Osteogenic Phenotype in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease as Revealed by Single-cell Analysis

Project description:Background: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), the most common valve disease is comprised of a chronic interplay of inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification. In this study, sortilin (SORT1) was identified as a novel key player in the pathophysiology of CAVD, and its role in the transformation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into pathological phenotypes is explored. Methods: An aortic valve (AV) wire injury (AVWI) mouse model with sortilin deficiency was used to determine the effects of sortilin on AV stenosis, fibrosis and calcification. In vitro experiments employed human primary VICs cultured in osteogenic conditions for 7, 14 and 21 days; and processed for imaging, proteomics, transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results: The AVWI mouse model showed reduced AV fibrosis, calcification, and stenosis in sortilin-deficient mice versus littermate controls. We identified the transition of human VICs into a myofibroblast-like phenotype mediated by sortilin and p-38 MAPK signaling. Sortilin loss-of-function decreased in vitro VIC calcification. ScRNA-seq identified 12 differentially expressed cell clusters in human VIC samples, where a novel combined inflammatory myofibroblastic-osteogenic VIC (IMO-VIC) phenotype was detected with increased expression of SORT1, COL1A1, WNT5A, IL-6 and SAA1. VICs sequenced with sortilin deficiency showed decreased IMO-VIC phenotype. Conclusions: Sortilin promotes experimental CAVD by mediating valvular fibrosis and calcification, and newly identified phenotype (IMO-VIC). This is the first study to examine the role of sortilin in aortic valve calcification and it may render it a therapeutic target to inhibit IMO-VIC emergence by simultaneously reducing inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification, the three key pathological processes underlying CAVD.

2024-01-03 | PXD038117 | Pride

Inhibitory Role of Notch1 in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease

2011-08-26 | GSE31668 | GEO

Transcriptional Profiles of Aortic Valve from Calcific Aortic Valve Disease and Normal Control.

Project description:We report transcriptional profiles of aortic valve tissue from calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and normal control (non-CAVD). We collected the aortic valve tissues from five patients with CAVD who underwent aortic valve replacement due to severe aortic valve stenosis. Aortic valve samples from patients with non-calcified aortic valve resection due to heart transplantation (recipient heart) or aortic dissection were collected as the control (non-CAVD). The inclusion criteria for CAVD group were as follows: 50-75 years old; undergoing aortic valve replacement due to severe AVS with significantly valvular calcification. The inclusion criteria for non-CAVD group were as follows: non-calcified aortic valve resection due to heart transplantation (recipient heart) or aortic dissection. For each sample, total RNA was extracted, a cDNA library was generated, and an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 was used to sequence each sample. Stringtie software was used to count the fragment within each gene, and TMM algorithm was used for normalization. Differential expression analysis was performed using R package edgeR. Differentially expressed RNAs with |log2(FC)| value >1, q value [false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted P-value] <0.05, and one group’s mean fragments per kilobase of exon per million reads mapped (FPKM) >1, were assigned as differentially-expressed genes (DEGs).

2023-06-28 | GSE235995 | GEO

ApoC-III is a novel inducer of human valvular calcification

Project description:Pharmacological interventions to treat valvular calcification are not currently part of clinical guidelines. Low-density lipoprotein lowering therapies to treat calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) failed in clinical trials. However, apolipoproteins are known promotors of atherosclerosis and may play a role in CAVD pathogenesis beyond their lipid-binding capabilities. Lipoprotein particles carry oxidized lipids that promote valvular disease, but whether apolipoproteins themselves possess pathogenic properties in CAVD is less clear. We assessed 12 apolipoproteins in non-fibrotic/non-calcific (NF/NC), fibrotic (F) and calcific (C) aortic valve tissues by proteomics and immunohistochemistry and evaluated effects of enriched apolipoproteins on calcification. Eight apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoB, apoC-III, apoD, apoL-I and apoM) were enriched in the C vs. NF/NC tissues. Apo(a), apoB, apoC-III, apoE and apoJ colocalized with the disease-prone fibrosa and calcific regions on histological sections. Circulating apoC-III on lipoprotein(a) was identified as a potential biomarker of aortic stenosis incidence and progression, but whether apoC-III also contributes to CAVD is unknown. ApoC-III was increased in F and C tissues and observed within the calcification-prone fibrosa layer as well as around calcification and induced calcification in primary human valvular cell cultures via a mitochondrial dysfunction/inflammation-mediated calcification pathway. This study provides the first assessment of a broad array of apolipoproteins in CAVD tissues, demonstrates that specific apolipoproteins associate with valvular calcification, and implicates apoC-III as an active, modifiable driver of CAVD beyond its potential role as a biomarker.

2020-12-14 | PXD021858 | Pride

A novel long noncoding RNA SNHG3 promotes osteoblast differentiation through BMP2 upregulation in calcific aortic valve disease

Project description:The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) remains largely elusive. This study aims to report a novel therapeutic lncRNA, SNHG3, and elucidate its role in CAVD. Based on high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing of human aortic valves, SNHG3 is among the most highly expressed lncRNAs in CAVD. Furthermore, SNHG3 upregulation is verified in human calcified aortic valves, osteoblastic human aortic valve interstitial cells (hVICs), and aortic valve tissues in CAVD mice. Moreover, knockdown of SNHG3 with antisense oligonucleotide markedly ameliorates aortic valve calcification in high cholesterol diet-treated ApoE-/- mice, as evidenced by reduced calcium deposition in the aortic valve leaflets, improved echocardiographic parameters, and decreased osteogenic differentiation markers (RUNX2, osteopontin, and osteocalcin) in aortic valves. Consistent with these in vivo findings, SNHG3 overexpression aggravates the calcification of hVICs, while knockdown of SNHG3 alleviates the process of differential calcification. Transcriptomics sequencing, gene set enrichment analyses, RNA-pull down, RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR show that SNHG3 physically interacts with polycomb repressive complex 2 to suppress the H3K27 tri-methylation BMP2 locus, which in turn activates BMP2 expression and signaling pathways. Taken together, SNHG3 promotes aortic valve calcification by upregulating BMP2, which might be a novel therapeutic target in human CAVD.

2022-10-01 | GSE199718 | GEO

Aortic valve transcriptome in CHIP, non-CHIP and non-calcific controls.

Project description:The aim of the present study was to gain insights on the pathological process of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease in CHIP carriers. To uncover molecular pathways that could link CHIP to CAVD, we exanimated the aortic valve transcriptome from CHIP, non-CHIP patients, or non-calcific controls with RNAseq.

2022-08-02 | E-MTAB-11354 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Dysregulated microRNAs in calcific aortic valve disease

Project description:Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common heart valve disease, yet its underlying mechanism remains pooly understood. We aimed to explore the microRNAs funtion in CAVD and to develop novel miRNA therapy for CAVD.

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