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Distinct roles of the two SEC scaffold proteins, AFF1 and AFF4, in regulating RNA Pol II transcription elongation [RNA-seq 2]

ABSTRACT: The P-TEFb-containing super elongation complex (SEC) plays the essential role in transcriptional elongation control. The AF4/FMR2 family members AFF1 and AFF4 are the central scaffold proteins of SEC, associated with different human diseases. However, their specific roles in transcriptional control remain unclear. Here, we report that AFF1 and AFF4 show distinct genomic distribution patterns around TSS. AFF1 binds upstream of TSS, while AFF4 is enriched downstream of TSS. Pol II occupancies are reduced genome-widely after depletion of AFF1, but not AFF4. Interestingly, in a subset of active genes with broad AFF4 binding signature, AFF4 disruption causes slow elongation and early termination, while AFF1 deletion mirrors the transcriptional defects observed in the fast Pol II mutant. Furthermore, AFF4 knockdown leads to increased AFF1 levels at chromatin, and vice versa. In summary, our data demonstrate that AFF1 and AFF4 function, to some extent, antagonistically to ensure proper Pol II transcription.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE224754 | GEO | 2023/07/02

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Distinct roles of the two SEC scaffold proteins, AFF1 and AFF4, in regulating RNA Pol II transcription elongation [RNA-seq]

Project description:The P-TEFb-containing super elongation complex (SEC) plays the essential role in transcriptional elongation control. The AF4/FMR2 family members AFF1 and AFF4 are the central scaffold proteins of SEC, associated with different human diseases. However, their specific roles in transcriptional control remain unclear. Here, we report that AFF1 and AFF4 show distinct genomic distribution patterns around TSS. AFF1 binds upstream of TSS, while AFF4 is enriched downstream of TSS. Pol II occupancies are reduced genome-widely after depletion of AFF1, but not AFF4. Interestingly, in a subset of active genes with broad AFF4 binding signature, AFF4 disruption causes slow elongation and early termination, while AFF1 deletion mirrors the transcriptional defects observed in the fast Pol II mutant. Furthermore, AFF4 knockdown leads to increased AFF1 levels at chromatin, and vice versa. In summary, our data demonstrate that AFF1 and AFF4 function, to some extent, antagonistically to ensure proper Pol II transcription.

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Distinct roles of the two SEC scaffold proteins, AFF1 and AFF4, in regulating RNA Pol II transcription elongation [ChiP-seq 3]

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Project description:The AF4/FMR2 proteins AFF1 and AFF4 act as a scaffold to assemble the Super Elongation Complex (SEC) that strongly activates transcriptional elongation of HIV-1 and cellular genes. Although they can dimerize, it is unclear whether the dimers exist and function within a SEC in vivo. Furthermore, it is unknown whether AFF1 and AFF4 function similarly in mediating SEC-dependent activation of diverse genes. Providing answers to these questions, our current study shows that AFF1 and AFF4 reside in separate SECs that display largely distinct gene target specificities. While the AFF1-SEC is more potent in supporting HIV-1 transactivation by the viral Tat protein, the AFF4-SEC is more important for HSP70 induction upon heat shock. The functional difference between AFF1 and AFF4 in Tat-transactivation has been traced to a single amino acid variation between the two proteins, which causes them to enhance the affinity of Tat for P-TEFb, a key SEC component, with different efficiency. Finally, genome-wide analysis confirms that the genes regulated by AFF1- and AFF4-SEC are largely non-overlapping and perform distinct functions. Thus, the SEC represents a family of related complexes that exist to increase the regulatory diversity and gene control options during transactivation of diverse cellular and viral genes. RNA-seq in HeLa cells of wild-type and after RNAi of AFF1 or AFF4.

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Project description:In this study we identified an essential role of the SEC, a crucial regulator of Pol II dynamics, in repressing differentiation for epidermal progenitor maintenance. This repression of differentiation is specifically mediated by the scaffold protein AFF1, but not AFF4. Mechanistically, we find that AFF1-SEC associates with the HEXIM1-containing inactive-PTEFb to directly repress a group of rapid-response genes, which feature robust Pol II pausing near their promoters in the progenitor state. De-repression of these genes occurs within 3 hours of SEC-PTEFb disruption by the peptidomimetic inhibitors. These rapid-response genes include the transcription factor ATF3. Increased ATF3 level is sufficient to promote the expression of key differentiation activators, such as PRDM1, OVOL1, GRHL3 and ZNF750. Furthermore, we find that the dissociation of inactivate P-TEFb from SEC mediates the earliest events of PKC signaling, in triggering epidermal differentiation.

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