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B cell receptor signaling in germinal centers prolongs survival and primes B cells for selection [single cell RNA-Seq]

ABSTRACT: Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B cell clonal expansion, diversification, and antibody affinity selection. This process is limited and directed by T follicular helper cells that provide helper signals to B cells that endocytose, process, and present cognate antigens in proportion to their B cell receptor (BCR) affinity. Under this model, the BCR functions as an endocytic receptor for antigen capture. How signaling through the BCR contributes to selection is not well understood. To investigate the role of BCR signaling in GC selection, we developed a tracker for antigen binding and presentation and a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase drug-resistant-mutant mouse model. We showed that BCR signaling per se is necessary for the survival and priming of light zone B cells to receive T cell help. Our findings provide insight into how high-affinity antibodies are selected within GCs and are fundamental to our understanding of adaptive immunity and vaccine development.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE225574 | GEO | 2023/03/09

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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B cell receptor signaling in germinal centers prolongs survival and primes B cells for selection [bulk RNA-seq]

Project description:Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B cell clonal expansion, diversification, and antibody affinity selection. This process is limited and directed by T follicular helper cells that provide helper signals to B cells that endocytose, process, and present cognate antigens in proportion to their B cell receptor (BCR) affinity. Under this model, the BCR functions as an endocytic receptor for antigen capture. How signaling through the BCR contributes to selection is not well understood. To investigate the role of BCR signaling in GC selection, we developed a tracker for antigen binding and presentation and a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase drug-resistant-mutant mouse model. We showed that BCR signaling per se is necessary for the survival and priming of light zone B cells to receive T cell help. Our findings provide insight into how high-affinity antibodies are selected within GCs and are fundamental to our understanding of adaptive immunity and vaccine development.

2023-03-09 | GSE225573 | GEO

Peyer’s Patch Germinal Centers Select Innate-like BCRs

Project description:Primary B cell receptor (BCR)/antibody variable region exons are generated by V(D)J recombination with junctional diversification creating immensely diverse antigen contact-encoding CDR3s. While most antigen-driven germinal centers (GCs) are transient, gut microbiota-dependent intestinal Peyer’s patch (PP) GCs are chronic. The nature of chronic PP GC BCR repertoires and somatic hyper-mutation (SHM) patterns has remained enigmatic. To elucidate the physiological repertoire of PP GC BCRs, we developed a high throughput antibody repertoire and SHM assay. Remarkably, PP GCs from different mice expanded public clonotypes, each often with identical IgH CDR3. These CDR3s represent innate-like BCRs that appear much more frequently than expected in naïve B cell repertoire by IGoR modeling, but not frequently enough to enter PP GCs at the observed recurrence without cellular selection. Consistently, some public clonotypes are gut microbiota-dependent and encode antibodies reactive to bacteria glycans, while others are not. SPF fecal transfer to germ-free (GF) mice restored two germ-dependent clonotypes, providing direct evidence for BCR selection. In support of this, we identified recurrently selected SHMs in four of the public clonotypes, demonstrating affinity maturation in chronic PP GCs. Our findings suggest that persistent gut antigens select for innate-like BCR clonotypes to seed chronic PP GCs.

2020-02-21 | GSE140795 | GEO

Regulation of bifurcating B cell trajectories by mutual antagonism between IRF4 and IRF8 (ChIP-Seq)

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Regulation of bifurcating B cell trajectories by mutual antagonism between IRF4 and IRF8 (RNA-Seq)

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Transcriptional profiling of mouse germinal center B cells (B220+, GL7+, CD95+) isolated from GC-specific (Cg1-Cre) DAF-TM transgenic or control mice

Project description:Germinal centers (GCs) support diversification and affinity maturation of antibody repertoires through iterative cycles of T-cell-dependent positive selection, B cell clonal expansion and antigen-receptor hypermutation. Positive selection is critical for efficient affinity maturation and depends on only partially understood signaling processes. We show that BCL6-dependent physiological repression of decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55) on GC B cells is critical for effective positive selection and affinity maturation during GC responses. Absence of DAF on GC B cells lifts restraint on local complement activation, yielding autocrine C3a/C5a-receptor signaling that is indispensable for CD40-dependent mTOR pathway activation during positive selection. Genetic disruption of this pathway causes premature GC collapse and impairs affinity maturation. These results identify previously undiscerned targets to therapeutically manipulate protective and potentially injurious humoral immune responses.

2021-03-22 | GSE148570 | GEO

Cyclin D3 drives inertial cell cycling in dark zone germinal center B cells

Project description:Germinal centers (GCs) are the sites of affinity maturation, the process by which antibodies improve their affinity for antigen over time (Cyster and Allen, 2019; De Silva and Klein, 2015; Eisen, 2014; Mesin et al., 2016; Rajewsky, 1996; Shlomchik et al., 2019; Victora and Nussenzweig, 2012). For efficient affinity maturation, GC B cells must cycle between two major transcriptional states, associated with localization of B cells to each of the two microanatomical “zones” of the GC. When in the dark zone (DZ), B cells proliferate vigorously while they mutate their immunoglobulin genes by somatic hypermutation (SHM). After transition to the light zone (LZ), B cells bearing advantageous mutations are selectively driven to clonally expand, based at least in part on their ability to bind and present antigen to GC-resident T follicular helper (Tfh) cells (Victora et al., 2010). Successive cycles of somatic hypermutation and affinity-based selection ultimately enrich for higher-affinity cells in among the GC B cell population, in a process known as cyclic re-entry (MacLennan, 1994; Victora and Nussenzweig, 2012).

2020-12-10 | GSE162182 | GEO

Regulation of bifurcating B cell trajectories by mutual antagonism between IRF4 and IRF8 (RNA-Seq)

Project description:Upon antigen recognition B cells undertake a bifurcated response in which some cells rapidly differentiate into plasmablasts while others undergo affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC). We uncover a double negative feedback loop between interferon regulatory factors IRF4 and IRF8, which regulates the initial bifurcation of activated B cells as well as the GC response. IRF8 dampens BCR signaling, facilitates antigen specific interaction with helper T cells, and promotes selection of high affinity clones while antagonizing IRF4 driven plasmablast differentiation. Genomic analysis reveals concentration dependent action of IRF4 and IRF8 in regulating distinctive gene expression programs. Stochastic modeling suggests that the double negative feedback is sufficient to initiate bifurcating B cell developmental trajectories. Naïve B cells were isolated from Irf8+/+ (wild type, WT) mice spleen and activated in vitro with 10μg/ml LPS (Sigma). CD138hi IgMhi (IRF4hi*) cells and CD138lo IgMlo (IRF8hi*) cells were sorted by flow cytometry at 72 hours. Total RNA was prepared by using Rneasy Mini kit (Qiagen) and sequenced with Illumina HiSeq2500. Alignment was performed with Taphat2, and transcript abundance quantification using Cuffdiff function from Cufflinks. GC B cells were sorted from CD19cre/+ Irf8+/+ (Ctrl) or CD19cre/+ Irf8flox/flox (Irf8 cKO) mice on dpi 13 post NP-KLH immunization. Total RNA was prepared by using Rneasy Mini kit (Qiagen) and amplified with with Ovation RNA-Seq System v2 (NuGEN). The data were analyzed by Wardrobe. More details are provided in the manuscript.

2015-08-25 | E-GEOD-70711 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Visualizing germinal center B cell dynamics at single cell transcriptome resolution

Project description:During a germinal center (GC) response, B cells diversify their immunoglobulin (Ig) genes by somatic hyper-mutation (SHM) and undergo clonal expansion and positive selection thereby enabling the generation of higher affinity antibodies. We have analyzed the genomic states underlying GC B cell dynamics by single cell RNA-Seq. Profiling of antigen specific GC B cells during the peak of the response, revealed four distinctive genomic states characterized by antigen presentation, apoptotic, mitochondrial and mitotic gene expression modules. Intersection of genomic states and Ig heavy-chain (Igh) class-switch trajectory suggested that mitochondrial machinery is utilized to support class-switch recombination (CSR). Furthermore, by analyzing the transcriptomes of B cells with varying affinity BCR sequences that assembled from single-cell RNA-seq data through a novel algorithm, we show that high affinity GC B cells manifest enhanced mitotic and BCR signaling transduction, but compromised antigen processing and presentation gene expression modules. Thus, we are developing a comprehensive framework of the genomic states and molecular pathways underlying GC B cell dynamics.

2018-03-10 | GSE79096 | GEO

Dynamic Regulation of Tfh Clonal Selection During the Germinal Center Reaction

Project description:The Germinal center is a dynamic microenvironment wherein B cells expressing high affinity antibody variants produced by hypermutation are selected for clonal expansion by limiting numbers of T follicular helper cells. Although a great deal is known about the mechanisms that control B cell selection in the germinal center, far less is understood about the clonal behavior of the T follicular helper cells that regulate this process. Here we report on the dynamic behavior of clones of T follicular helper cells during the germinal center reaction. We find that like germinal center B cells, T follicular helper cells undergo antigen dependent selection during the germinal center reaction resulting in differential proliferative expansion and contraction. Increasing the amount of antigen presented in the germinal center leads to increased T follicular cell division. Competition between T follicular helper cell clones is mediated by T cell receptor affinity for peptide-MHC ligand. Higher affinity T cells expanding preferentially in the germinal center show increased expression of genes downstream of the T cell receptor, genes required for metabolic reprogramming, cell division and cytokine production. These dynamic changes lead to dramatic remodeling of the functional T follicular cell repertoire during the germinal center reaction.

2020-03-19 | GSE147182 | GEO

Organized B cell selection sites in cartilaginous fishes reveal the evolutionary foundation of germinal center-based selection.

Project description:The absence of germinal centers (GCs) in cartilaginous fishes lies at odds with data showing nurse sharks can produce robust antigen-specific responses and affinity mature their B cell repertoires. To Investigate this paradox, we performed RNA sequencing on single nuclei, allowing us to characterize the cell types present in the nurse shark spleen, and RNAscope to provide in situ cellular resolution of key marker gene expression following immunization with R-phycoerythrin (PE). We tracked PE to the splenic follicles where it co-localizes with CXCR5high centrocyte-like B cells, surrounded by a peripheral ring of AID+ CXCR4+ centroblast-like B cells, and a population of putative T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Further, we reveal selection of mutated B cell clones dissected from these follicles. We propose the B cell selection sites identified here represent the evolutionary foundation of GC-based selection, dating back to the jawed vertebrate ancestor.

2023-05-16 | GSE232302 | GEO

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