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Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus

ABSTRACT: This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.

ORGANISM(S): Drosophila ananassae Drosophila erecta Drosophila subobscura Drosophila yakuba Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila pseudoobscura Drosophila azteca Drosophila takahashii Drosophila suzukii Drosophila ficusphila Drosophila mojavensis Drosophila simulans Drosophila persimilis Drosophila virilis Drosophila biarmipes

PROVIDER: GSE225889 | GEO | 2023/09/26

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [ATAC-Seq]

Project description:The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway plays a crucial role in preventing endogenous genomic parasites, transposable elements (TEs), from damaging the genetic material of animal gonadal cells. Specific regions in the genome, called piRNA clusters, define each species’ piRNA repertoire and therefore its capacity to recognize and silence transposons. In the somatic cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary, the flamenco (flam) unistrand cluster is the main source of piRNAs and primarily regulates Gypsy family TEs that are able to form virus-like particles and infect neighbouring germ cells. Disruption of the flam locus or failure to process flam precursor transcripts into piRNAs results in sterility, yet it remains unknown whether this silencing mechanism is employed widely across Drosophilidae. Here, using both synteny-based analyses and de novo TE annotation, we identify candidate loci sharing both their organisation and TE targeting repertoire with flam in widely divergent Drosophila species groups. Small RNA-sequencing validated these loci as bona-fide unistrand piRNA clusters and revealed their predominant expression in somatic cells of the ovary, likely to counter TE mobilisation in this tissue. This study provides compelling evidence of co-evolution between virus-like Gypsy family transposons and a host defence mechanism in form of soma-expressed, unistrand piRNA clusters.

2023-09-26 | GSE240910 | GEO

Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [RNA-Seq]

2023-09-26 | GSE225887 | GEO

Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [small RNA-Seq]

2023-09-26 | GSE225888 | GEO

Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus

Project description:Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus

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Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [RNA-Seq]

Project description:Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [RNA-Seq]

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Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [ATAC-Seq]

Project description:Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [ATAC-Seq]

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Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [small RNA-Seq]

Project description:Unistrand piRNA clusters are an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to suppress endogenous retroviruses across the Drosophila genus [small RNA-Seq]

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Multiple complex families of endogenous retroviruses are highly conserved in the genus Gallus.

Project description:We have analyzed the genome of the domestic chicken for the presence of genetic sequences related to the envelope protein-encoding genes of avian sarcoma/leukosis retroviruses to determine the organization, structure, potential functionality, and distribution of such sequences. We have previously identified in the genus Gallus an extensive group of endogenous avian retroviruses termed EAV-0. Southern blot and sequence analysis presented here of EAV-0 elements revealed that the majority of the EAV-0 elements in the domestic chicken genome have large deletions in their env genes. Screening of a line 0 chicken genomic DNA library for potential full-length env gene-containing endogenous elements yielded three provirus clones of a previously unrecognized group of endogenous retroviruses. These three clones, E13, E33, and E51, are more closely related to each other (80% or more sequence identity) than to other avian retroviruses (70% or less sequence identity). The E13 element has a large deletion in env, but the E51 element has full-length and highly divergent SU- and TM-coding domains. Complete sequence analysis of the E51 env gene region revealed a defective SU-coding domain and an intact TM-coding domain. Sequence analysis of the E51, E33, and E13 3' termini revealed highly distinctive long terminal repeats of approximately 360 bp which appear to be the products, in part, of long terminal repeat domain shuffling. Hybridization analysis with E51 and E33 env gene probes indicated that they are members of an extensive group of elements present in all Gallus species, and at least one element, E51, could be shown by polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing to have integrated prior to Gallus speciation.

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Large Drosophila Germline piRNA Clusters are Evolutionarily Labile and Dispensable for Transposon Regulation

Project description:PIWI proteins and their guiding Piwi-interacting small RNAs (piRNAs) are crucial for fertility and transposon defense in the animal germline. In most species, the majority of piRNAs are produced from distinct large genomic loci, called piRNA clusters. It is assumed that germline-expressed piRNA clusters, particularly in Drosophila, act as master regulators to control the activity of transposons dispersed across the genome. Here, using synteny analysis, we show that large germline clusters are evolutionarily labile, arise at loci characterized by recurrent chromosomal rearrangements, and are mostly species-specific across the Drosophila genus. By engineering chromosomal deletions in D. melanogaster, we demonstrate that the three largest germline clusters, which the generation of >40% of all transposon-targeting piRNAs depend on, are neither required for fertility nor for the regulation of transposon activity in trans. We provide further evidence that dispersed active elements, rather than the regulatory action of large Drosophila germline clusters in trans, may be central for transposon defense.

2021-05-31 | GSE174561 | GEO

Evolutionarily conserved pachytene piRNA loci are highly divergent among modern humans.

Project description:In the fetal mouse testis, PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) guide PIWI proteins to silence transposons but, after birth, most post-pubertal pachytene piRNAs map to the genome uniquely and are thought to regulate genes required for male fertility. In the human male, the developmental classes, precise genomic origins and transcriptional regulation of postnatal piRNAs remain undefined. Here, we demarcate the genes and transcripts that produce postnatal piRNAs in human juvenile and adult testes. As in the mouse, human A-MYB drives transcription of both pachytene piRNA precursor transcripts and messenger RNAs encoding piRNA biogenesis factors. Although human piRNA genes are syntenic to those in other placental mammals, their sequences are poorly conserved. In fact, pachytene piRNA loci are rapidly diverging even among modern humans. Our findings suggest that, during mammalian evolution, pachytene piRNA genes are under few selective constraints. We speculate that pachytene piRNA diversity may provide a hitherto unrecognized driver of reproductive isolation.

| S-EPMC6961462 | biostudies-literature

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