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Project description:Primary alveolar macrophages were stimulated with cytokines in vitro Total RNA was isolated and submitted to Novogene for NGS
2024-09-03 | GSE226343 | GEO
Project description:Primary lung fibroblats were stimulated with cytokines in vitro Total RNA was isolated and submitted to Novogene for NGS
2024-09-03 | GSE226342 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundMelanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer, is responsible for over 80% of all skin cancer deaths and is highly metastatic, readily spreading to the lymph nodes or metastasising to other organs. The frequent genetic mutation found in metastatic melanoma, BRAF(V600E), results in constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.MethodsIn this study, we utilised genetically engineered melanoma cell lines and xenograft mouse models to investigate how BRAF(V600E) affected cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in tumour cells and in human dermal fibroblasts.ResultsWe found that BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells expressed higher levels of these cytokines and of MMP-1 than wild-type counterparts. Further, conditioned medium from the BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells promoted the activation of stromal fibroblasts, inducing expression of SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4. This increase was mitigated when the conditioned medium was taken from melanoma cells treated with the BRAF(V600E) specific inhibitor, vemurafenib.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the role of BRAF(V600E) in activating the stroma and suggest a mechanistic link between BRAF(V600E) and MMP-1 in mediating melanoma progression and in activating adjacent fibroblasts in the tumour microenvironment.
| S-EPMC4200092 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IL-13 is a central mediator of airway responsiveness and mucus expression in patients with allergic airway inflammation, and IL-13 is currently a therapeutic target for asthma. However, little is known about how IL-13 regulates human CD4(+) T-cell lineages because IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) ?1, a subunit of IL-13R, has not previously been reported to exist on human T cells.We sought to determine whether human CD4(+) T(H)17 cells express IL-13R?1 and whether IL-13 regulates T(H)17 cytokine production.Naive human CD4(+) cells were isolated from whole blood, activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, and polarized to T(H)1, T(H)2, T(H)17, or induced regulatory T cells in the presence of IL-13 (0-10 ng/mL). Cell supernatants, total RNA, or total protein was examined 4 days after T(H)17 polarization.T(H)17 cells, but not T(H)0, T(H)1, T(H)2, or induced regulatory T cells, expressed IL-13R?1. IL-13 attenuated IL-17A production, as well as expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor, runt-related transcription factor-1, and interferon regulatory factor 4 in T(H)17-polarized cells. IL-13 neither inhibited IFN-? production from T(H)1 cells nor inhibited IL-4 production from T(H)2 cells. Furthermore, attenuation of IL-17A production only occurred when IL-13 was present within 24 hours of T-cell activation or at the time of restimulation.IL-13R?1 is expressed on human CD4(+) T(H)17 cells, and IL-13 attenuates IL-17A production at polarization and restimulation. Although IL-13 is an attractive therapeutic target for decreasing symptoms associated with asthma, these results suggest that therapies inhibiting IL-13 production could have adverse side effects by increasing IL-17A production.
| S-EPMC3916096 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Increased IL-17A production has been associated with more severe asthma; however, the mechanisms whereby IL-17A can contribute to IL-13-driven pathology in asthmatic patients remain unclear. OBJECTIVE:We sought to gain mechanistic insight into how IL-17A can influence IL-13-driven responses. METHODS:The effect of IL-17A on IL-13-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, gene expression, mucus hypersecretion, and airway inflammation was assessed by using in vivo models of IL-13-induced lung pathology and in vitro culture of murine fibroblast cell lines and primary fibroblasts and human epithelial cell lines or primary human epithelial cells exposed to IL-13, IL-17A, or both. RESULTS:Compared with mice given intratracheal IL-13 alone, those exposed to IL-13 and IL-17A had augmented airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus production, airway inflammation, and IL-13-induced gene expression. In vitro, IL-17A enhanced IL-13-induced gene expression in asthma-relevant murine and human cells. In contrast to the exacerbating influence of IL-17A on IL-13-induced responses, coexposure to IL-13 inhibited IL-17A-driven antimicrobial gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, in both primary human and murine cells, the IL-17A-driven increase in IL-13-induced gene expression was associated with enhanced IL-13-driven signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation. CONCLUSIONS:Our data suggest that IL-17A contributes to asthma pathophysiology by increasing the capacity of IL-13 to activate intracellular signaling pathways, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. These data represent the first mechanistic explanation of how IL-17A can directly contribute to the pathogenesis of IL-13-driven pathology.
| S-EPMC5149451 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We evaluated the role of IL-10- in IL-33-mediated cholesterol reduction in macrophage-derived foam cells (MFCs) and the mechanism by which IL-33 upregulates IL-10. Serum IL-33 and IL-10 levels in coronary artery disease patients were measured. The effects of IL-33 on intra-MFC cholesterol level, IL-10, ABCA1 and CD36 expression, ERK 1/2, Sp1, STAT3 and STAT4 activation, and IL-10 promoter activity were determined. Core sequences were identified using bioinformatic analysis and site-specific mutagenesis. The serum IL-33 levels positively correlated with those of IL-10. IL-33 decreased cellular cholesterol level and upregulated IL-10 and ABCA1 but had no effect on CD36 expression. siRNA-IL-10 partially abolished cellular cholesterol reduction and ABCA1 elevation by IL-33 but did not reverse the decreased CD36 levels. IL-33 increased IL-10 mRNA production but had little effect on its stability. IL-33 induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and increased the luciferase expression driven by the IL-10 promoter, with the highest extent within the -2000 to -1752?bp segment of the 5'-flank of the transcription start site; these effects were counteracted by U0126. IL-33 activated Sp1, STAT3 and STAT4, but only the STAT3 binding site was predicted in the above segment. Site-directed mutagenesis of the predicted STAT3-binding sites (CTGCTTCCTGGCAGCAGAA??CTGCCTGGCAGCAGAA) reduced luciferase activity, and a STAT3 inhibitor blocked the regulatory effects of IL-33 on IL-10 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) confirmed the STAT3-binding sequences within the -1997 to -1700 and -1091 to -811?bp locus regions. IL-33 increased IL-10 expression in MFCs via activating ERK 1/2 and STAT3, which subsequently promoted IL-10 transcription and thus contributed to the beneficial effects of IL-33 on MFCs.
| S-EPMC5704190 | biostudies-literature
Project description:RationaleChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation, alveolar destruction, and airway and vascular remodeling. However, the mechanisms that lead to these diverse alterations have not been defined.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that IL-18 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these lesions.MethodsWe generated and characterized lung-specific, inducible IL-18 transgenic mice.Measurements and main resultsHere we demonstrate that the expression of IL-18 in the mature murine lung induces inflammation that is associated with the accumulation of CD4(+), CD8(+), CD19(+), and NK1.1(+) cells; emphysema; mucus metaplasia; airway fibrosis; vascular remodeling; and right ventricle cardiac hypertrophy. We also demonstrate that IL-18 induces type 1, type 2, and type 17 cytokines with IFN-?-inhibiting macrophage, lymphocyte, and eosinophil accumulation while stimulating alveolar destruction and genes associated with cell cytotoxicity and IL-13 and IL-17A inducing mucus metaplasia, airway fibrosis, and vascular remodeling. We also highlight interactions between these responses with IL-18 inducing IL-13 via an IL-17A-dependent mechanism and the type 1 and type17/type 2 responses counterregulating each another.ConclusionsThese studies define the spectrum of inflammatory, parenchymal, airway, and vascular alterations that are induced by pulmonary IL-18; highlight the similarities between these responses and the lesions in COPD; and define the selective roles that type 1, type 2, and type 17 responses play in the generation of IL-18-induced pathologies.
| S-EPMC3373071 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Intrahepatic cell-derived, early IL-17 is important for activating APCs in viral infection; however, the source and regulation of this IL-17 surge in the liver microenvironment are not well defined. In this article, we present evidence for a significant expansion of IL-17A/F-producing cells in mouse liver within 24 h of adenovirus infection. In addition to ?? T cells, a subset of IL-17A/F(+) cells expressed no myeloid or lymphoid lineage markers. Instead, they expressed high levels of stem cell markers, IL-7R and ROR?t, consistent with the newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Based on their unique surface markers and cytokine profiles, these cells were confirmed as group 3 ILCs. In addition to adenovirus infection, group 3 ILCs were also found in mouse liver within 24 h of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. They contributed significantly to the establishment of the early cytokine milieu in virus-infected liver. Functional studies with mice deficient of IL-17R, IL-17A, and IL-17F further revealed that IL-17 signaling was critical for priming T cell responses in viral hepatitis. IL-17A repressed IL-17F secretion in vitro and in vivo; IL-17F(+) intrahepatic cells expanded more vigorously in IL-17A knockout animals, permitting efficient Ag presentation and T cell function. However, IL-17F neither inhibited IL-17A in vitro nor regulated its secretion in vivo. Together, this study has demonstrated the importance of a unique intrahepatic subpopulation and subsequent IL-17A/F regulation at initial stages of viral infection in the liver. These results have important implications for anticytokine biologic therapy and vaccine development.
| S-EPMC3967589 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundIL-13 is a critical effector cytokine for allergic inflammation. It is produced by several cell types, including mast cells, basophils, and TH2 cells. In mast cells and basophils its induction can be stimulated by cross-linkage of immunoglobulin receptors or cytokines. The IL-1 family members IL-33 and IL-18 have been linked to induction of IL-13 production by mast cells and basophils. In CD4 TH2 cells IL-33-mediated production of IL-13 requires simultaneous signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 activation.ObjectiveHere we have addressed whether cytokine-induced IL-13 production in mast cells and basophils follows the same logic as in TH2 cells: requirement of 2 separate signals.MethodsBy generating a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic IL-13 reporter mouse, we measured IL-13 production in mast cells and basophils.ResultsIn mast cells harvested from peritoneal cavities, 2 cytokine signals are required for IL-13 production: IL-33 and IL-3. In bone marrow mast cells IL-13 production requires IL-33, but the requirement for a STAT5 inducer is difficult to evaluate because these cells require the continuous presence of IL-3 (a STAT5 activator) for survival. Poorer STAT5 inducers in culture (IL-4 or stem cell factor) result in less IL-13 production on IL-33 challenge, but the addition of exogenous IL-3 enhances IL-13 production. This implies that bone marrow-derived mast cells, like peritoneal mast cells and TH2 cells, require stimulation both by an IL-1 family member and a STAT5 inducer to secrete IL-13. Basophils follow the same rule; splenic basophils produce IL-13 in response to IL-18 or IL-33 plus IL-3.ConclusionOptimal IL-13 production from mast cells and basophils requires 2 cytokine signals.
| S-EPMC3782850 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Parasitic helminths are a major cause of chronic human disease, affecting more than 3 billion people worldwide. Host protection against most parasitic helminths relies upon Type 2 cytokine production, but the mechanisms that regulate interleukin (IL) 4 and 13 production from CD4(+) T helper 2 cells (T(H)2) and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s) remain incompletely understood. The epithelial cell-derived cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 promote Type 2 responses, but the extent of functional redundancy between these cytokines is unclear and whether Type 2 memory relies upon either IL-25 or IL-33 is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate a pivotal role for IL-33 in driving primary and anamnestic immunity against the rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. IL-33-deficient mice have a selective defect in ILC2-derived IL-13 during both primary and secondary challenge infections but generate stronger canonical CD4(+) T helper 2 cells responses (IL-4, IgE, mast cells, and basophils) than WT controls. Lack of IL-13 production in IL-33-deficient mice impairs resistin-like molecule beta (RELM?) expression and eosinophil recruitment, which are two mechanisms that eliminate N. brasiliensis parasites from infected hosts. Thus, IL-33 is requisite for IL-13 but not IL-4-driven Type 2 responses during hookworm infection.
| S-EPMC3538196 | biostudies-literature