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Alternatively Spliced Variants of Interleukin-4 Promote Inflammation Differentially

ABSTRACT: IL-4d2 is a natural splice variant of IL-4 which lacks the region encoded by the second exon. Numerous recent reports suggested that the expression levels of IL-4d2 change in various diseases, especially those with pulmonary involvement, but the effects of IL-4d2 on the lungs in vivo have never been studied. Replication-deficient adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of mouse IL-4d2 to mouse lungs in vivo was used, and the effects compared with similar adenoviral delivery of mouse IL-4 or with infection with a NULL viral construct. The objective was to determine whether full-length wild-type Interleukin-4 encoded by exons 1-4 (IL-4) and alternatively spliced variant econded by exons 1,3, and 4 (IL-4d2) differentially affect gene expression in the lungs in vivo. The results show that IL-4d2 and IL-4 affected global gene expression differentially. Keywords: Comparative analysis of gene delivery of alternative splice variants in vivo

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE23016 | GEO | 2011/03/07

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA131519

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Alternatively Spliced Variants of Interleukin-4 Promote Inflammation Differentially

Project description:IL-4d2 is a natural splice variant of IL-4 which lacks the region encoded by the second exon. Numerous recent reports suggested that the expression levels of IL-4d2 change in various diseases, especially those with pulmonary involvement, but the effects of IL-4d2 on the lungs in vivo have never been studied. Replication-deficient adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of mouse IL-4d2 to mouse lungs in vivo was used, and the effects compared with similar adenoviral delivery of mouse IL-4 or with infection with a NULL viral construct. The objective was to determine whether full-length wild-type Interleukin-4 encoded by exons 1-4 (IL-4) and alternatively spliced variant econded by exons 1,3, and 4 (IL-4d2) differentially affect gene expression in the lungs in vivo. The results show that IL-4d2 and IL-4 affected global gene expression differentially. Keywords: Comparative analysis of gene delivery of alternative splice variants in vivo There were three mice overexpressing mouse IL-4 in their lungs, three mice overexpressing mouse IL-4d2 in their lungs, and three mice similarly infected with control AdV-NULL virus not encoding a cytokine.

2011-03-07 | E-GEOD-23016 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Validation of alternatively spliced protein isoforms in human mesenchymal stem cells

Project description:Alternative splicing of mRNA diversifies the function of human proteins, with tissue- and cell-specific protein isoforms being the most difficult to validate. While transcriptomic experiments enable the detection of many alternatively spliced transcripts, it is not known if these transcripts have protein-coding potential. We recently published the PG Nexus pipeline, which facilitates high confidence validation of exons and exon-exon junctions of spliced transcripts by integrating transcriptomics and proteomics data. Using the PG Nexus, we analyzed undifferentiated human mesenchymal stem cells and compared the number of protein isoforms validated using different protein sequence database, including public online databases and RNA-seq derived databases. With significant overlaps with other databases, we identified 8,011 exons and 3,824 splice junctions with the Ensembl database. Both exonic and junction peptides were important for protein isoform validation. The Ensembl database consistently outperformed the other data sources, but predicted open reading frames from RNA-seq derived transcripts were comparable, with only 6 less splice junctions validated. Using proteotypic and isoform-specific peptides, we validated 462 protein isoforms. This number increases to 1,083 if multiple proteotypic peptides per protein are included. Multiplexing proteotypic peptides in SRM assays or similar experiments will increase the confidence and coverage of protein isoform validation experiments.

2015-05-20 | PXD001449 | Pride

Mutations primarily alter the inclusion of alternatively spliced exons

Project description:Systematic mutagenesis has revealed that synonymous, non-synonymous and intronic mutations frequently alter the inclusion levels of alternatively spliced exons, suggesting that altered splicing might be a common mechanism by which mutations cause disease. However, most exons expressed in any cell are highly-included in mature mRNAs. Here, by performing deep mutagenesis of highly-included exons and by analysing the association between sequence variation and exon inclusion across the genome, we report that mutations only very rarely alter the inclusion of highly-included exons. This is true for both exonic and intronic mutations as well as for perturbations in trans. Therefore, mutations that affect splicing are not evenly distributed across the genome but are focussed in and around alternatively spliced exons with intermediate inclusion levels. These results provide a resource for prioritising synonymous and other variants as disease-causing mutations.

2020-06-29 | GSE151942 | GEO

An alternatively spliced variant of METTL3 mediates tumor suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Project description:Many steps of post-transcriptional mRNA processing have shown crucial roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers, such as the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and alternative splicing. Up-regulation of METTL3, the catalytic core of the m6A methyltransferase complex, increases the m6A levels and results in significant effects on the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, alternative splicing of METTL3 has not been fully investigated and functions of its splice variants remain unclear. Here, we first analyze online and our transcriptomic data and obtain 13 splice variants of METTL3 besides the canonical full-length METTL3-A in HCC cell lines and tissues. Validated by RT-qPCR, we find that METTL3-D, one of the splice variants expressing a truncated METTL3 protein, exhibits higher levels than the METTL3-A in normal human livers but lower levels in HCC tumor tissues and cell lines. Further functional assays demonstrate that expression of METTL3-D decreases the cellular m6A modification, inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells, and is negatively associated with the malignancy of patient tumors, exhibiting an opposite function as the full-length METTL3-A does. Analyses of TCGA data also show that HCC patients with higher levels of METTL3-D have longer survivals. This study demonstrates that the METTL3-D splice variant is a tumor suppressor, and it could be used as a potential target for the therapy of HCC.

2022-05-01 | GSE189372 | GEO

Whole Genome Exon Arrays Identify Differential Expression of Alternatively Spliced, Cancer-related Genes in Lung Cancer

Project description:Alternative processing of pre-mRNA transcripts is a major source of protein diversity in eukaryotes and has been implicated in several disease processes including cancer. In this study we have performed a genome wide analysis of alternative splicing events with the GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST Array from Affymetrix in lung adenocarcinoma. We found that ~13.3% of the 17800 core Refseq genes appear to have alternative transcripts that are differentially expressed in lung adenocarcinoma versus normal. According to their known functions the largest subset of these genes (30.8%) is believed to be cancer related. Detailed analysis was performed for several genes using PCR, quantitative RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. We found overexpression of ERG variant 2 but not variant 1 in lung tumors and overexpression of CEACAM1 variant 1 but not variant 2 in lung tumors but not in breast or colon tumors. We also identified a novel, overexpressed variant of CDH3 and verified the overexpression of a novel variant of P16. These findings demonstrate how analysis of alternative pre-mRNA processing can shed additional light on differences between tumors and normal tissues as well as between different tumor types. Such studies may lead to the development of additional tools for tumor diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Keywords: Alternative splice analysis of exon data with ANOVA compared tumor and matched normal 20 tumor/normal paired specimens (n=40). Tumor samples are from lung adeno carcinoma whereas normals are from adjacent normal lung tissue.

2008-10-17 | E-GEOD-12236 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Whole Genome Exon Arrays Identify Differential Expression of Alternatively Spliced, Cancer-related Genes in Lung Cancer

2008-10-17 | GSE12236 | GEO

Transcription profiling of two human paediatric cancer cell lines to identify alternatively spliced variants of Ciz1

Project description:Ciz1 promotes initiation of mammalian DNA replication and is present within nuclear matrix associated DNA replication factories. Depletion of Ciz1 from normal and cancer cells restrains entry to S phase and inhibits cell proliferation. Several alternative splicing events with putative functional consequences have been identified and reported, but many more variants are predicted to exist based on publicly available mRNAs and expressed sequence tags. Here we report the development and validation of a custom exon and exon-junction microarray focused on the human Ciz1 gene, capable of reproducible detection of differential splice-variant expression. Using a pair of paediatric cancer cell lines and a pool of eight normal lines as reference, the array identified expected and novel Ciz1 splicing events. One novel variant (delta 8-12) that encodes a predicted protein lacking key functional sites, was validated by quantitative RT-PCR and found to be over-represented in a range of other cancer cell lines, and over half of a panel of primary lung tumours.

2009-11-01 | E-MEXP-2331 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Mutations primarily alter the inclusion of alternatively spliced exons

Project description:Mutations primarily alter the inclusion of alternatively spliced exons

| PRJNA637776 | ENA

EASED: Extended Alternatively Spliced EST Database.

Project description:We established a database of alternative splice forms (ASforms) for nine eukaryotic organisms. ASforms are defined by comparing high-scoring ESTs with mRNA sequences using BLAST, taking known exon-intron information (from the Ensembl database). Filtering programs compare the ends of each aligned sequence pair for deletions or insertions in the EST sequence, which indicate the existence of alternative splice forms with respect to the exon-intron boundaries. Moreover, we defined the alternative splice profile of each human sequence. It indicates the number of alternatively spliced ESTs (NAE), the number of constitutively spliced ESTs (NCE) as well as the number of alternative splice sites (NSS) per mRNA. NAE and NCE correspond to the EST coverage and can be used as a quality indicator for the predicted alternative splice variants. The NSS value specifies the splice propensity of a gene. Additionally, the tissue type information of all ESTs was included. This allows (i) restriction of the search to certain tissues and (ii) calculation of the tissue-NAEs, tissue-NCEs and tissue-NSS. These scores are suitable for the estimation of tissue specificity of certain ASforms. Furthermore, the developmental stage and disease information of the ESTs is available. EASED is accessible at http://eased.bioinf.mdc-berlin.de/.

| S-EPMC308870 | biostudies-literature

Alu-containing exons are alternatively spliced.

Project description:Alu repetitive elements are found in approximately 1.4 million copies in the human genome, comprising more than one-tenth of it. Numerous studies describe exonizations of Alu elements, that is, splicing-mediated insertions of parts of Alu sequences into mature mRNAs. To study the connection between the exonization of Alu elements and alternative splicing, we used a database of ESTs and cDNAs aligned to the human genome. We compiled two exon sets, one of 1176 alternatively spliced internal exons, and another of 4151 constitutively spliced internal exons. Sixty one alternatively spliced internal exons (5.2%) had a significant BLAST hit to an Alu sequence, but none of the constitutively spliced internal exons had such a hit. The vast majority (84%) of the Alu-containing exons that appeared within the coding region of mRNAs caused a frame-shift or a premature termination codon. Alu-containing exons were included in transcripts at lower frequencies than alternatively spliced exons that do not contain an Alu sequence. These results indicate that internal exons that contain an Alu sequence are predominantly, if not exclusively, alternatively spliced. Presumably, evolutionary events that cause a constitutive insertion of an Alu sequence into an mRNA are deleterious and selected against.

| S-EPMC186627 | biostudies-literature

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