Contribution of IGCR1 and 3' CBE Super Anchor to Developmental Regulation of Igh V(D)J Recombination [HTGTS_VDJ_Seq]
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus
PROVIDER: GSE230251 | GEO | 2023/05/30
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region exons are assembled in progenitor-B cells, from VH, D, and JH gene segments located in separate clusters across the Igh locus. RAG endonuclease orchestrates V(D)J recombination from a JH-based recombination center (RC). Cohesin-mediated extrusion of upstream chromatin past RC-bound RAG presents Ds for joining to JHs to form a DJHRC, from which RAG scans upstream for VHs to assemble VHDJH exons in an ordered recombination process. Cohesin-mediated chromatin loop extrusion is impeded by CTCF-bound elements (CBEs), with extrusion between two CBEs, particularly if convergently-oriented, forming chromatin-contact loops genome-wide. Igh has provocative CBE organization, with two divergently-oriented CBEs (CBE1 and CBE2) in the IGCR1 element between the VH and D/JH domains, dozens of VH domain CBEs convergent to CBE1, and 10 3'Igh-CBEs convergent to CBE2. IGCR1 CBEs segregate D/JH and VH domains by impeding RAG-scanning. After DJH formation, down-regulation of WAPL, a cohesin unloader, neutralizes IGCR1 and VH-domain CBEs, allowing RAG to scan the VH domain. To elucidate potential mechanisms underlying the developmental transition from D-to-JH to VH-to-DJH recombination and potential roles of IGCR1-based CBEs and 3'Igh-CBEs in regulating RAG-scanning, we tested effects of deleting or inverting IGCR1 or 3'Igh-CBEs in mice and/or progenitor-B cell lines. These studies revealed that normal IGCR1 CBE orientation augments its RAG-scanning impediment activity and that the 3'Igh-CBEs reinforce RC activity as a dynamic loop extrusion impediment, thereby, increasing its ability to support V(D)J recombination. Finally, our findings implicate a mechanism by which developmental WAPL down-regulation contributes to ordered V(D)J recombination.
2023-05-30 | GSE230604 | GEO
Project description:Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region exons are assembled in progenitor-B cells, from VH, D, and JH gene segments located in separate clusters across the Igh locus. RAG endonuclease orchestrates V(D)J recombination from a JH-based recombination center (RC). Cohesin-mediated extrusion of upstream chromatin past RC-bound RAG presents Ds for joining to JHs to form a DJHRC, from which RAG scans upstream for VHs to assemble VHDJH exons in an ordered recombination process. Cohesin-mediated chromatin loop extrusion is impeded by CTCF-bound elements (CBEs), with extrusion between two CBEs, particularly if convergently-oriented, forming chromatin-contact loops genome-wide. Igh has provocative CBE organization, with two divergently-oriented CBEs (CBE1 and CBE2) in the IGCR1 element between the VH and D/JH domains, dozens of VH domain CBEs convergent to CBE1, and 10 3'Igh-CBEs convergent to CBE2. IGCR1 CBEs segregate D/JH and VH domains by impeding RAG-scanning. After DJH formation, down-regulation of WAPL, a cohesin unloader, neutralizes IGCR1 and VH-domain CBEs, allowing RAG to scan the VH domain. To elucidate potential mechanisms underlying the developmental transition from D-to-JH to VH-to-DJH recombination and potential roles of IGCR1-based CBEs and 3'Igh-CBEs in regulating RAG-scanning, we tested effects of deleting or inverting IGCR1 or 3'Igh-CBEs in mice and/or progenitor-B cell lines. These studies revealed that normal IGCR1 CBE orientation augments its RAG-scanning impediment activity and that the 3'Igh-CBEs reinforce RC activity as a dynamic loop extrusion impediment, thereby, increasing its ability to support V(D)J recombination. Finally, our findings implicate a mechanism by which developmental WAPL down-regulation contributes to ordered V(D)J recombination.
2023-05-30 | GSE230249 | GEO
Project description:RAG endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination in progenitor (pro)-B cells. Upon binding a recombination center (RC)-based JH, RAG scans upstream chromatin via loop extrusion, potentially mediated by cohesin, to locate Ds and assemble a DJH-based RC. CTCF looping factor-bound elements (CBEs) within the IGCR1 element upstream of the Ds impede RAG-scanning; but their inactivation allows scanning to proximal VHs where additional CBEs activate rearrangement and impede scanning any further upstream. Distal VH utilization is thought to involve diffusional RC access following large-scale Igh locus contraction. Here, we test the potential of linear RAG-scanning to mediate distal VH usage in G1-arrested, v-Abl-pro-B cell lines, which undergo robust D-to-JH rearrangement, but little VH-to-DJH rearrangement, presumably due to lack of locus contraction. Through an auxin-induced approach, we degrade cohesin-component Rad21 or CTCF in these G1-arrested lines, which maintain substantial viability throughout four-day experiments. Rad21 degradation eliminated all V(D)J recombination and RAG-scanning-associated interactions, except RC-located DQ52-to-JH joining in which synapsis occurs by diffusion11. Remarkably, while CTCF degradation suppressed most CBE-based chromatin interactions, it promoted robust RC interactions with, and VH-to-DJH joining of, distal VHs, with patterns similar to those of "locus-contracted" primary pro-B cells. Thus, down-modulation of CTCF-bound scanning-impediment activity promotes cohesin-driven RAG-scanning across the 2.7Mb Igh locus.
2020-05-11 | GSE142780 | GEO
Project description:RAG endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination in progenitor (pro)-B cells. Upon binding a recombination center (RC)-based JH, RAG scans upstream chromatin via loop extrusion, potentially mediated by cohesin, to locate Ds and assemble a DJH-based RC. CTCF looping factor-bound elements (CBEs) within the IGCR1 element upstream of the Ds impede RAG-scanning; but their inactivation allows scanning to proximal VHs where additional CBEs activate rearrangement and impede scanning any further upstream. Distal VH utilization is thought to involve diffusional RC access following large-scale Igh locus contraction. Here, we test the potential of linear RAG-scanning to mediate distal VH usage in G1-arrested, v-Abl-pro-B cell lines, which undergo robust D-to-JH rearrangement, but little VH-to-DJH rearrangement, presumably due to lack of locus contraction. Through an auxin-induced approach, we degrade cohesin-component Rad21 or CTCF in these G1-arrested lines, which maintain substantial viability throughout four-day experiments. Rad21 degradation eliminated all V(D)J recombination and RAG-scanning-associated interactions, except RC-located DQ52-to-JH joining in which synapsis occurs by diffusion11. Remarkably, while CTCF degradation suppressed most CBE-based chromatin interactions, it promoted robust RC interactions with, and VH-to-DJH joining of, distal VHs, with patterns similar to those of "locus-contracted" primary pro-B cells. Thus, down-modulation of CTCF-bound scanning-impediment activity promotes cohesin-driven RAG-scanning across the 2.7Mb Igh locus.
2020-05-11 | GSE142779 | GEO
Project description:RAG endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination in progenitor (pro)-B cells. Upon binding a recombination center (RC)-based JH, RAG scans upstream chromatin via loop extrusion, potentially mediated by cohesin, to locate Ds and assemble a DJH-based RC. CTCF looping factor-bound elements (CBEs) within the IGCR1 element upstream of the Ds impede RAG-scanning; but their inactivation allows scanning to proximal VHs where additional CBEs activate rearrangement and impede scanning any further upstream. Distal VH utilization is thought to involve diffusional RC access following large-scale Igh locus contraction. Here, we test the potential of linear RAG-scanning to mediate distal VH usage in G1-arrested, v-Abl-pro-B cell lines, which undergo robust D-to-JH rearrangement, but little VH-to-DJH rearrangement, presumably due to lack of locus contraction. Through an auxin-induced approach, we degrade cohesin-component Rad21 or CTCF in these G1-arrested lines, which maintain substantial viability throughout four-day experiments. Rad21 degradation eliminated all V(D)J recombination and RAG-scanning-associated interactions, except RC-located DQ52-to-JH joining in which synapsis occurs by diffusion11. Remarkably, while CTCF degradation suppressed most CBE-based chromatin interactions, it promoted robust RC interactions with, and VH-to-DJH joining of, distal VHs, with patterns similar to those of "locus-contracted" primary pro-B cells. Thus, down-modulation of CTCF-bound scanning-impediment activity promotes cohesin-driven RAG-scanning across the 2.7Mb Igh locus.
2020-05-11 | GSE142778 | GEO
Project description:RAG endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination in progenitor (pro)-B cells. Upon binding a recombination center (RC)-based JH, RAG scans upstream chromatin via loop extrusion, potentially mediated by cohesin, to locate Ds and assemble a DJH-based RC. CTCF looping factor-bound elements (CBEs) within the IGCR1 element upstream of the Ds impede RAG-scanning; but their inactivation allows scanning to proximal VHs where additional CBEs activate rearrangement and impede scanning any further upstream. Distal VH utilization is thought to involve diffusional RC access following large-scale Igh locus contraction. Here, we test the potential of linear RAG-scanning to mediate distal VH usage in G1-arrested, v-Abl-pro-B cell lines, which undergo robust D-to-JH rearrangement, but little VH-to-DJH rearrangement, presumably due to lack of locus contraction. Through an auxin-induced approach, we degrade cohesin-component Rad21 or CTCF in these G1-arrested lines, which maintain substantial viability throughout four-day experiments. Rad21 degradation eliminated all V(D)J recombination and RAG-scanning-associated interactions, except RC-located DQ52-to-JH joining in which synapsis occurs by diffusion11. Remarkably, while CTCF degradation suppressed most CBE-based chromatin interactions, it promoted robust RC interactions with, and VH-to-DJH joining of, distal VHs, with patterns similar to those of "locus-contracted" primary pro-B cells. Thus, down-modulation of CTCF-bound scanning-impediment activity promotes cohesin-driven RAG-scanning across the 2.7Mb Igh locus.
2020-05-11 | GSE142777 | GEO
Project description:In developing B lymphocytes, V(D)J recombination assembles IgH and Igk variable region exons from hundreds of gene segments clustered across mega-base Igh and Igk loci. V, D, and J segments are flanked by conserved recombination signal sequences (RSSs) that target RAG endonuclease. RAG orchestrates Igh V(D)J recombination upon capturing a JH-RSS within the JH-RSS-based recombination center (RC). JH-RSS orientation programs RAG to scan upstream D- and VH-containing chromatin linearly presented by cohesin-mediated loop extrusion. During Igh scanning, RAG robustly utilizes only D- or VH-RSSs in convergent ("deletional") orientation with JH-RSSs. However, for Vk-to-Jk joining, RAG utilizes Vk-RSSs from deletional- and inversional-oriented clusters, inconsistent with linear scanning. Here, we elucidate the Vk-to-Jk joining mechanism. Igk undergoes robust primary and secondary rearrangements, which confounds scanning assays. Thus, we engineered cells to undergo only primary Vk-to-Jk rearrangements and found that RAG-scanning from the primary Jk-RC terminates just 8kb upstream within the CTCF-Site-based Sis element. While Sis and the Jk-RC barely interacted with the Vk locus, the CTCF-site-based Cer element, 4kb upstream of Sis, interacted with various loop-extrusion impediments across the locus. Like VH-locus inversion, DJH inversion abrogated VH-to-DJH joining; yet Vk-locus or Jk inversion allowed robust Vk-to-Jk joining. Together, these experiments implicated loop extrusion in bringing Vks near Cer for short-range diffusion-mediated capture by RC-based RAG. To elucidate key mechanistic elements for diffusional V(D)J recombination in Igk versus Igh, we assayed Vk-to-JH and D-to-Jk rearrangements in hybrid Igh-Igk loci generated by targeted chromosomal translocations, and pinpointed remarkably strong Vk and Jk RSSs. Indeed, RSS replacements in hybrid or normal Igk and Igh loci confirmed ability of Igk versus Igh RSSs to promote robust diffusional joining. We propose that Igk evolved strong RSSs to mediate diffusional Vk-to-Jk joining; while Igh evolved weaker RSSs requisite for modulating VH joining by RAG scanning impediments.
2024-04-08 | GSE254039 | GEO
Project description:In developing B lymphocytes, V(D)J recombination assembles IgH and Igk variable region exons from hundreds of gene segments clustered across mega-base Igh and Igk loci. V, D, and J segments are flanked by conserved recombination signal sequences (RSSs) that target RAG endonuclease. RAG orchestrates Igh V(D)J recombination upon capturing a JH-RSS within the JH-RSS-based recombination center (RC). JH-RSS orientation programs RAG to scan upstream D- and VH-containing chromatin linearly presented by cohesin-mediated loop extrusion. During Igh scanning, RAG robustly utilizes only D- or VH-RSSs in convergent ("deletional") orientation with JH-RSSs. However, for Vk-to-Jk joining, RAG utilizes Vk-RSSs from deletional- and inversional-oriented clusters, inconsistent with linear scanning. Here, we elucidate the Vk-to-Jk joining mechanism. Igk undergoes robust primary and secondary rearrangements, which confounds scanning assays. Thus, we engineered cells to undergo only primary Vk-to-Jk rearrangements and found that RAG-scanning from the primary Jk-RC terminates just 8kb upstream within the CTCF-Site-based Sis element. While Sis and the Jk-RC barely interacted with the Vk locus, the CTCF-site-based Cer element, 4kb upstream of Sis, interacted with various loop-extrusion impediments across the locus. Like VH-locus inversion, DJH inversion abrogated VH-to-DJH joining; yet Vk-locus or Jk inversion allowed robust Vk-to-Jk joining. Together, these experiments implicated loop extrusion in bringing Vks near Cer for short-range diffusion-mediated capture by RC-based RAG. To elucidate key mechanistic elements for diffusional V(D)J recombination in Igk versus Igh, we assayed Vk-to-JH and D-to-Jk rearrangements in hybrid Igh-Igk loci generated by targeted chromosomal translocations, and pinpointed remarkably strong Vk and Jk RSSs. Indeed, RSS replacements in hybrid or normal Igk and Igh loci confirmed ability of Igk versus Igh RSSs to promote robust diffusional joining. We propose that Igk evolved strong RSSs to mediate diffusional Vk-to-Jk joining; while Igh evolved weaker RSSs requisite for modulating VH joining by RAG scanning impediments.
2024-04-08 | GSE263123 | GEO
Project description:RAG endonuclease initiates IgH locus (Igh) V(D)J assembly in progenitor (pro)-B cells by joining Ds to JHs, before joining upstream VHs to DJH intermediates. In mouse pro-B cells, the CTCF-binding element (CBE)-anchored chromatin loop domain at the 3’end of Igh contains an internal sub-domain spanning the 5’CBE anchor (IGCR1), the DHs, and a RAG-bound recombination center (RC). The RC comprises JH-proximal D (DQ52), 4 JHs, and the intronic enhancer (“iEmu”). Robust RAG cleavage is restricted to paired V(D)J segments flanked by complementary recombination signal sequences (12RSSs and 23RSSs). Ds are flanked downstream and upstream by 12RSSs that, respectively, mediate deletional joining with convergently-oriented JH-23RSSs and VH-23RSSs. Despite 12/23 compatibility, inversional D to JH joining via upstream D-12RSSs is rare. Plasmid-based assays attributed lack of inversional D to JH joining to sequence-based preference for downstream D-12RSSs, as opposed to putative linear scanning mechanisms. Given recent findings that RAG linearly scans convergent CBE-anchored chromatin loops, potentially formed by cohesin-mediated loop extrusion, we revisited a scanning role. Here, we report that JH-23RSS chromosomal orientation programs RC-bound RAG to linearly scan upstream chromatin in the 3’Igh sub-domain for convergently-oriented D-12RSSs and, thereby, to mediate deletional joining of all Ds, except RC-based DQ52 that joins by a diffusion-related mechanism. In a DQ52-based RC, formed in the absence of JHs, RAG bound by the downstream DQ52-RSS scans the downstream constant region exon-containing 3’Igh sub-domain in which scanning can be impeded by targeted nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9) binding, by transcription through repetitive Igh switch sequences, and by the 3’Igh CBE-based loop anchor. Notably, each scanning impediment focally increases RAG activity on potential substrate sequences within the impeded region. High resolution mapping of RC chromatin interactions reveals that such focal RAG targeting is associated with corresponding impediments to the loop extrusion process that drives chromatin past RC-bound RAG.
2019-08-19 | GSE130224 | GEO
Project description:RAG endonuclease initiates IgH locus (Igh) V(D)J assembly in progenitor (pro)-B cells by joining Ds to JHs, before joining upstream VHs to DJH intermediates. In mouse pro-B cells, the CTCF-binding element (CBE)-anchored chromatin loop domain at the 3’end of Igh contains an internal sub-domain spanning the 5’CBE anchor (IGCR1), the DHs, and a RAG-bound recombination center (RC). The RC comprises JH-proximal D (DQ52), 4 JHs, and the intronic enhancer (“iEmu”). Robust RAG cleavage is restricted to paired V(D)J segments flanked by complementary recombination signal sequences (12RSSs and 23RSSs). Ds are flanked downstream and upstream by 12RSSs that, respectively, mediate deletional joining with convergently-oriented JH-23RSSs and VH-23RSSs. Despite 12/23 compatibility, inversional D to JH joining via upstream D-12RSSs is rare. Plasmid-based assays attributed lack of inversional D to JH joining to sequence-based preference for downstream D-12RSSs, as opposed to putative linear scanning mechanisms. Given recent findings that RAG linearly scans convergent CBE-anchored chromatin loops, potentially formed by cohesin-mediated loop extrusion, we revisited a scanning role. Here, we report that JH-23RSS chromosomal orientation programs RC-bound RAG to linearly scan upstream chromatin in the 3’Igh sub-domain for convergently-oriented D-12RSSs and, thereby, to mediate deletional joining of all Ds, except RC-based DQ52 that joins by a diffusion-related mechanism. In a DQ52-based RC, formed in the absence of JHs, RAG bound by the downstream DQ52-RSS scans the downstream constant region exon-containing 3’Igh sub-domain in which scanning can be impeded by targeted nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9) binding, by transcription through repetitive Igh switch sequences, and by the 3’Igh CBE-based loop anchor. Notably, each scanning impediment focally increases RAG activity on potential substrate sequences within the impeded region. High resolution mapping of RC chromatin interactions reveals that such focal RAG targeting is associated with corresponding impediments to the loop extrusion process that drives chromatin past RC-bound RAG.
2019-08-19 | GSE130216 | GEO