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HSP90, a potential common therapeutic target for suppressing skin injury caused by exposure to chemically diverse classes of blistering agents

ABSTRACT: Vesicants such as arsenicals and mustards produce highly painful cutaneous inflammatory and blistering responses, hence, developed as chemical weapons during World War I/II. Here, using lewisite and sulfur mustard surrogates namely phenylarsine oxide (PAO) and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) respectively, we defined a common underlying mechanism of toxic action by these distinct classes of vesicants. Murine skin exposure to these chemicals causes skin inflammation and tissue destruction characterized by increase in skin bifold thickness, Draize score, infiltration of inflammatory cells and appearance of apoptotic epidermal and dermal cells. RNAseq analysis identified ~346 inflammatory genes that were commonly altered by both PAO and CEES along with identification of cytokine signaling activation as top canonical pathway. Activation of several of these inflammatory genes and pathways are associated with phosphorylation-dependent activation of heat shock protein 90 (pHSP90). Topical treatment with known HSP90 inhibitors, SNX-5422 and IPI-504 post PAO or CEES skin challenge significantly attenuates these chemical-induced skin damage (reduction in overall skin injury and clinical scores). In addition, highly upregulated inflammatory genes Saa3, Cxcl1, Ccl7, IL-6, Nlrp3, Csf3, Chil3 etc. by both PAO and CEES, significantly diminished by the treatment with these HSP90 inhibitors. These drugs not only reduced PAO or CEES-induced pHSP90 expression but also its client proteins NLRP3, pP38 and expression of their targeted inflammatory genes. These data confirm a critical role of HSP90 as a shared underlying molecular signaling of toxicity by these two distinct vesicants and provide effective and novel medical countermeasure to suppress vesicants pathogenesis.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE230382 | GEO | 2024/02/14

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Inflammasome, activated by pathogen-derived and host-derived danger signals, constitutes a multimolecular signaling complex that serves as a platform for caspase-1 (CASP1) activation and interleukin-1beta (IL1B) maturation. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome requires two-step signals. The first “priming” signal (Signal 1) enhances gene expression of inflammasome components. The second “activation” signal (Signal 2) promotes the assembly of inflammasome components. Deregulated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the pathological processes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, at present, the precise mechanism regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and deactivation remains largely unknown. By genome-wide gene expression profiling, we studied the molecular network of NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes in a human monocyte cell line THP-1 sequentially given two-step signals. We identified the set of 83 NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes. Among them, we found the NR4A nuclear receptor family NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3, the EGR family EGR1, EGR2, and EGR3, the IkappaB family NFKBIZ, NFKBID, and NFKBIA as a key group of the genes that possibly constitute a negative feedback loop for shutting down inflammation following NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By molecular network analysis, we identified a complex network of NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes involved in cellular development and death, and immune and inflammatory responses, where transcription factors AP-1, NR4A, and EGR serve as a hub. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes constitute the molecular network composed of a set of negative feedback regulators for prompt resolution of inflammation. To load the Signal 1 (S1), THP-1 cells were incubated for 3 hours in the culture medium with or without inclusion of 0.2 microgram/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To load the Signal 2 (S2), they were incubated further for 2 hours in the culture medium with inclusion of 10 microM nigericin sodium salt dissolved in ethanol or the equal v/v% concentration of ethanol (vehicle), followed by processing for microarray analysis on Human Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix).

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HSP90, a potential common therapeutic target for suppressing skin injury caused by exposure to chemically diverse classes of blistering agents

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