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Costimulatory domains direct distinct fates of CAR-drivenT cell dysfunction [scRNA-seq]

ABSTRACT: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells often fail to enact effector functions after infusion into patients. Understanding the biological pathways that lead CAR T cells to failure is of critical importance in the design of more effective therapies. We developed and validated an in vitro model that drives T cell dysfunction by chronic CAR stimulation and interrogated how CAR costimulatory domains contribute to T cell failure. We found that dysfunctional CD28-based CARs targeting CD19 bear hallmarks of classical T cell exhaustion while dysfunctional 41BB-based CARs are phenotypically, transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct. We confirmed activation of this unique transcriptional program in CAR T cells that failed to control clinical disease. Further, we demonstrate that 41BB-dependent activation of the transcription factor FOXO3 is a significant contributor to this dysfunction and disruption of FOXO3 significantly improves 41BB-based CAR T cell function. These findings identify that chronic activation of 41BB leads to novel state of T cell dysfunction that can be alleviated by genetic modification of FOXO3.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE231311 | GEO | 2023/05/02

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Costimulatory domains direct distinct fates of CAR-drivenT cell dysfunction [RNA-seq]

Project description:Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells often fail to enact effector functions after infusion into patients. Understanding the biological pathways that lead CAR T cells to failure is of critical importance in the design of more effective therapies. We developed and validated an in vitro model that drives T cell dysfunction by chronic CAR stimulation and interrogated how CAR costimulatory domains contribute to T cell failure. We found that dysfunctional CD28-based CARs targeting CD19 bear hallmarks of classical T cell exhaustion while dysfunctional 41BB-based CARs are phenotypically, transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct. We confirmed activation of this unique transcriptional program in CAR T cells that failed to control clinical disease. Further, we demonstrate that 41BB-dependent activation of the transcription factor FOXO3 is a significant contributor to this dysfunction and disruption of FOXO3 significantly improves 41BB-based CAR T cell function. These findings identify that chronic activation of 41BB leads to novel state of T cell dysfunction that can be alleviated by genetic modification of FOXO3.

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Costimulatory domains direct distinct fates of CAR-driven T cell dysfunction [ATAC-seq]

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Chimeric Antigen Receptors with a MyD88 and CD40 costimulatory endodomain endow T cells with superior antitumor activity

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Optimized delivery of dual co-stimulation and anti-tumor activity using parallel chimeric antigen receptors (pCARs)

Project description:Second generation (2G) chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) contain a CD28 or 41BB co-stimulatory endodomain and elicit remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies. Third generation (3G) CARs extend this linear blueprint by fusing both co-stimulatory units in series. However, clinical impact has been muted despite compelling evidence that co-signaling by CD28 and 41BB can powerfully amplify natural immune responses. We postulate that effective dual co-stimulation requires juxta-membrane positioning of endodomain components within separate synthetic receptors. Consequently, we designed parallel (p)CARs in which a 2G (CD28+CD3) CAR is co-expressed with a 41BB-containing chimeric co-stimulatory receptor. We demonstrate that the pCAR platform optimally harnesses synergistic and tumor-dependent co-stimulation to resist T-cell exhaustion and senescence, sustaining proliferation, cytokine release, cytokine signaling and metabolic fitness upon repeated stimulation. When engineered using targeting moieties of diverse composition, affinity and specificity, pCAR T-cells consistently elicit superior anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, warranting clinical development.

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