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Alternative transcription exceeds alternative splicing in generating the transcriptome diversity of cerebellar development

ABSTRACT: Mammalian development is an intricate process regulated by multiple gene isoforms and their epigenetic states, which are yet undefined. Using integrative massive parallel sequencing and bioinformatics approach, we built genome-wide inventory of transcript variants, their promoters and histone modification states during normal development, using mouse cerebellum as model system. The data we integrated consists of 29,589 (4,792 novel) promoters that transcribe 61,525 (12,796 novel) distinct mRNAs, corresponding to 14,508 protein-coding and 9,862 non-coding genes. While 68% of the multi-transcript genes exhibit alternative splicing, 78% use alternative transcriptional events that are regulated during cerebellar development through H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. The data presented highlight the magnitude of alternative promoters and transcriptional termination as major source of transcriptome diversity along with alternative splicing. We also show that alternative promoters differentially activated during normal cerebellar development are aberrantly used in medulloblastoma, emphasizing the importance of studying gene regulation and function at the isoform-level.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE23525 | GEO | 2011/06/07

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA131779

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Alternative pre-mRNA splicing critically contributes to the generation of protein variety in a tissue- and development-specific manner. Alterations in the normal pathways of alternative splicing (AS) have been associated with the growth and maintenance of several tumour types, and have been indicated as candidate bio-markers of tumour progression, metastasis and patient survival. In this study we applied genome-wide exon array technology to investigate AS events that may distinguish between human medulloblastoma and normal cerebellum. We initially investigated gene-level expression profiles to identify samples expressing gene signatures characteristic of previously described MB molecular subgroups. 3 medulloblastomas significantly over-expressed genes typically belonging to the Shh signalling pathway or associated with a granule cell progenitor status and were therefore classified as Shh-activated tumours (MB1). The remaining tumour samples were grouped together as medulloblastoma subset 2 (MB2). We then applied the Splicing Index algorithm and identified 1260 unique genes containing at least one candidate exon whose inclusion rate differed between different sample subgroups. Following the analysis of candidate event expression plots and gene structure annotation, we selected 14 examples of differential splicing of cassette exons and successfully validated 11 of them by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in a selection of the initial sample-set and subsequently in an independent set of 10 normal cerebellum and 20 medulloblastoma samples. Through the analysis of AS pathway in in vitro cultures of cerebellar granule cell progenitors (the putative cell of origin of least a subset of medulloblastomas), we showed that medulloblastoma-associated AS patterns could be indicative of a normal cerebellar undifferentiated phenotype and suggested that activation of oncogenic pathways during the development of the cerebellum may lead to a failure of neuronal differentiation also through the disruption of AS programs.

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Alternative transcription exceeds alternative splicing in generating the transcriptome diversity of cerebellar development

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