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Nuclear Morphology is Instructed by the Loop Extrusion Program [ChIP-Seq]

ABSTRACT: More than a century ago Metchnikoff defined neutrophils as small amoeboid-like cells that harbored peculiar polymorphonuclear structures. While since these early studies much has been learned about neutrophil physiology, mechanistic insight into neutrophil polymorphonuclear assembly remains rudimentary. Here we found that depletion of factors, that initiate the loop extrusion program, including NIPBL and MAU2, greatly accelerated the conversion of mononuclear to polymorphonuclear cells and orchestrated the induction of a neutrophil specific transcription signature. Remarkably, mere ablation of either NIPBL or MAU2 expression under conditions that normally prevent neutrophil differentiation, swiftly converted mono-nuclear into polymorphonuclear cells that expressed a neutrophil specific gene program. Depletion of NIPBL and MAU2 in neutrophil progenitors activated an armamentarium of neutrophil-specific enhancers to establish a neutrophil genome depleted for loop extrusion-induced looping. These observations indicate that extinction of the loop extrusion program converts mononuclear progenitor cells into polymorphonuclear cells and suffices to induce a neutrophil specific program of gene expression.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE235645 | GEO | 2024/02/11

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Nuclear Morphology is Instructed by the Loop Extrusion Program [scRNA-seq]

Project description:More than a century ago Metchnikoff defined neutrophils as small amoeboid-like cells that harbored peculiar polymorphonuclear structures. While since these early studies much has been learned about neutrophil physiology, mechanistic insight into neutrophil polymorphonuclear assembly remains rudimentary. Here we found that depletion of factors, that initiate the loop extrusion program, including NIPBL and MAU2, greatly accelerated the conversion of mononuclear to polymorphonuclear cells and orchestrated the induction of a neutrophil specific transcription signature. Remarkably, mere ablation of either NIPBL or MAU2 expression under conditions that normally prevent neutrophil differentiation, swiftly converted mono-nuclear into polymorphonuclear cells that expressed a neutrophil specific gene program. Depletion of NIPBL and MAU2 in neutrophil progenitors activated an armamentarium of neutrophil-specific enhancers to establish a neutrophil genome depleted for loop extrusion-induced looping. These observations indicate that extinction of the loop extrusion program converts mononuclear progenitor cells into polymorphonuclear cells and suffices to induce a neutrophil specific program of gene expression.

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Nuclear Morphology is Instructed by the Loop Extrusion Program [HiC]

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MAU2 and NIPBL variants in Cornelia de Lange syndrome reveal MAU2-independent loading of cohesin and uncover protective mechanisms against early truncating mutations in NIPBL

Project description:For its association with chromatin, the cohesin complex depends on a heterodimer formed by NIPBL and MAU2. Variants in NIPBL are the main cause of CdLS and result in NIPBL haploinsufficiency. Using CRISPR, we generated cells homozygous for an out-of-frame duplication in NIPBL. Remarkably, alternative translation initiation rescued NIPBL expression in these cells and produced an N-terminally truncated NIPBL that lacks MAU2-interaction domain, causing a dramatic reduction of MAU2 protein levels while a lot of NIPBL functions remain intact.

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Comprehensive CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies factors which are important for plasmablast development

Project description:Plasma cells (PCs) and their progenitors plasmablasts (PBs) are essential for the acute and long-term protection of the host against infections by providing high levels of highly specific antibodies. Several factors, like Blimp1 and Irf4, are already known to be essential for PC and PB differentiation and survival. We set out to identify additional genes, that are essential for PB development by CRISPR-Cas9 screening of 3,000 genes for the loss of PBs by employing the inducible GC B (iGB) culture system and Rosa26Cas9/+ mice. Among our hits in the screen were Mau2 and Nipbl, which are known to contribute to the loop extrusion function of the cohesin complex. Other examples of promising hits were Taf6, Stat3, Ppp6c and Pgs1. We thus provide a new set of genes, which are important for PB development.

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Response of cohesin STAG1 and STAG2 to reduction of NIPBL levels [Hi-C]

Project description:Cohesin mediates sister chromatid cohesion and organizes the genome through the formation of chromatin loops. Two versions of the complex carrying either STAG1 or STAG2 show overlapping and specific functions and both are required to fulfill embryonic development. Cohesin-STAG1 displays longer residence time on chromatin that depends on CTCF and ESCO1 and establishes longer, long-lived chromatin loops together with CTCF. Cohesin-STAG2 shows a preferential interaction with WAPL and mediates shorter loops involved in tissue-specific transcription independently of CTCF. Here we show that the two variants respond in opposite ways to knock down of NIPBL, the putative cohesin loader that is also essential for loop extrusion. Cohesin-STAG1 levels increase on chromatin under this condition and the complex accumulates further at CTCF positions while cohesin-STAG2 is diminished genome-wide. Our data support a model in which NIPBL is not required for association of cohesin with chromatin but it is for loop extrusion, which in turn facilitates stabilization of cohesin-STAG2 at CTCF positions after being loaded elsewhere. In contrast, cohesin-STAG1 is preferentially loaded at CTCF sites independently of NIPBL. Nevertheless, loop formation by these chromatin-bound complexes is impaired and gene expression is severely affected, resembling alterations in Cornelia de Lange patients

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Project description:The organization of the genome in three-dimensional space is highly dynamic, yet how these dynamics are regulated and the role they play in genome function is poorly understood. Here, we utilized acute depletion of NIPBL to characterize the role of cohesin-mediated loop extrusion in vivo. Using this approach, we find that many chromatin loops are rapidly diminished upon loss of NIBPL, consistent with recent single locus imaging studies showing that chromatin loops are transient. However, we also identified a subset of cohesin-dependent chromatin loops that are anchored in repressive chromatin and may be “long-lived”, given that they require NIPBL for their establishment upon mitotic exit, but are persistent when NIPBL is depleted from interphase cells. In addition to the reformation of 3D genome structures, mitotic exit coincides with widespread transcriptional activation. We found that NIPBL is essential for establishing the expression of lineage-defining genes during the M-G1 transition but has diminished impact in the steady-state maintenance of their expression. At genes sensitive to its depletion, NIPBL supports a unique local genome organization defined by greater spatial proximity to nearby enhancers and weaker transcription start site insulation of genomic contacts. Overall, we show that NIPBL-mediated loop extrusion is critical to genome organization and transcriptional regulation in vivo.

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