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Inferring co-expression networks of Arabidopsis thaliana genes during their interaction with Trichoderma spp.

ABSTRACT: Tricoderma genus fungi are referred to as "biostimulants" because they promote plant development and provide disease resistance. In this study, utilizing a conventional transcriptome analysis and gene co-expression network analysis after conventionally stimulating Arabidopsis thaliana with Trichoderma atroviride or Trichoderma virens. We found by differential expression and functional enrichment analyses that the transcriptome analysis of the plant during interactions, T. atroviride and T. virens, were involved in the reduction of reactive oxygen species, defense mechanisms against pathogens, and hormone signaling pathways. T. virens, as opposed to T. atroviride, was more effective at downregulating genes related to terpenoid metabolism, root development, and chemical homeostasis. We were able to find functional gene modules through network analysis that closely link plant defense mechanisms with hypoxia mechanisms. We discovered a transcription factor (locus AT2G47520) with two functional domains of interest: a DNA-binding domain and an N-terminal cysteine needed for protein stability under hypoxia. We discovered that the transcription factor can bind to the promoter sequence of the GCC-box gene that is connected to pathogenesis by positioned weight matrix analysis.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE235893 | GEO | 2023/06/30

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Combating the action of plant pathogenic microorganisms by antagonistic or mycoparasitic fungi has been announced as an attractive biological alternative to the use of chemical fungicides since more than 20 years, and gains additional importance in current trends to environmentally friendly agriculture. Taxa of the fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) contain prominent examples of such biocontrol agents, because they not only antagonize plant-pathogenic fungi, but are also often rhizosphere competent and can enhance plant growth. Identification of the primary factors that regulate the mycoparasitic behaviour and metabolic activities related to it will therefore allow the full ecological significance of this trait to be explored. We performed the analysis of the genome sequence from two mycoparasitic and rhizosphere competent Trichoderma spp. – T. atroviride and T. virens – and compare it to that of the saprophyte T. reesei. The predicted gene inventory of the T. atroviride and T.virens genome, therefore, points to previously unknown mechanisms operating during biocontrol of plant pathogens. The availability of these genomes provides a unique opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of the processes fundamental to mycoparasitism and its application for the breeding of improved biocontrol strains for plant protection. To investigate the potential role in mycoparasitism, microarrays were used to examine T. virens transcript levels when confronted with a potential prey (the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani) before contact, during first physical contact and during overgrowth of the host. The study presented here is the result of this analysis. Two biological pools by condition against a common reference control each sample hybridized in dye switch. On the two biological replicates we apply on the pretreated results the linear modeling approach implemented by lmFit and the empirical Bayes statistics implemented by eBayes from the limma R package (Smyth 2004). For mycoparasitism confrontation assays T. virens was grown on potato dextrose agar plates (BD Dicfo, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), covered with cellophane, in constant light at 25°C and harvested when the mycelia were ca. 5 mm apart (before contact), at contact of the mycelia and after T. virens had overgrown the host fungus Rhizoctonia solani by ca. 5 mm (after contact). As control T. virens was confronted with itself and harvested at contact. Peripheral hyphal zones from each confrontation stage were harvested and shock frozen in liquid nitrogen. Mycelia were ground to a fine powder under liquid nitrogen and total RNA was isolated using the guanidinium thiocyanate method (Sambrook, 2001).

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Inferring co-expression networks of Arabidopsis thaliana genes during their interaction with Trichoderma spp.

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