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Unveiling the transcriptional features associated with coccolithovirus infection of natural Emiliania huxleyi blooms.

ABSTRACT: Lytic viruses have been implicated in the massive cellular lysis observed during algal blooms, through which they assume a prominent role in oceanic carbon and nutrient flows. Despite their impact on biogeochemical cycling, the transcriptional dynamics of these important oceanic events is still poorly understood. Here, we employ an oligonucleotide microarray to monitor host (Emiliania huxleyi) and virus (coccolithovirus) transcriptomic features during the course of E. huxleyi blooms induced in seawater-based mesocosm enclosures. Host bloom development and subsequent coccolithovirus infection was associated with a major shift in transcriptional profile. In addition to the expected metabolic requirements typically associated with viral infection (amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, as well as transcription- and replication-associated functions), the results strongly suggest that the manipulation of lipid metabolism plays a fundamental role during host-virus interaction. The results herein reveal the scale, so far massively underestimated, of the transcriptional domination that occurs during coccolithovirus infection in the natural environment.

ORGANISM(S): marine metagenome Emiliania huxleyi Emiliania huxleyi virus 163 Emiliania huxleyi virus 86

PROVIDER: GSE24341 | GEO | 2011/11/22

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA132901

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Unveiling the transcriptional features associated with coccolithovirus infection of natural Emiliania huxleyi blooms.

Project description:Lytic viruses have been implicated in the massive cellular lysis observed during algal blooms, through which they assume a prominent role in oceanic carbon and nutrient flows. Despite their impact on biogeochemical cycling, the transcriptional dynamics of these important oceanic events is still poorly understood. Here, we employ an oligonucleotide microarray to monitor host (Emiliania huxleyi) and virus (coccolithovirus) transcriptomic features during the course of E. huxleyi blooms induced in seawater-based mesocosm enclosures. Host bloom development and subsequent coccolithovirus infection was associated with a major shift in transcriptional profile. In addition to the expected metabolic requirements typically associated with viral infection (amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, as well as transcription- and replication-associated functions), the results strongly suggest that the manipulation of lipid metabolism plays a fundamental role during host-virus interaction. The results herein reveal the scale, so far massively underestimated, of the transcriptional domination that occurs during coccolithovirus infection in the natural environment. Six mesocosm enclosures were placed in the Raunefjorden (Western Norway coast) and filled with natural community water (in June 2008). Nutrient enrichment was applied in order to trigger the development of E. huxleyi blooms. The major transcriptomic features of those blooms and consequent viral infections were monitered through the use of an oligo microarray containing a total of 3571 gene probes; 2271 (63.6%) matching E. huxleyi ESTs, and 1300 (36.4%) matching EhV-86 and EhV-163 genomic sequences. Each microarray contains 5 technical replicates. Sampling of total RNA present in 2L of water (from each enclosure) was performed once a day from day 8 to day 16. For enclosures 2 and 3 other sampling points were taken, covering the complete dial-cycle (6h,12h,18h, and 24h).

2011-11-22 | E-GEOD-24341 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Viral infection of algal blooms leaves a unique metabolic footprint on the dissolved organic matter in the ocean

Project description:Algal blooms are hotspots of primary production in the ocean, forming the basis of the marine food web and fueling the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Marine viruses are key players in controlling algal bloom demise, thereby diverting algal biomass from higher trophic levels to the DOM pool, a process termed the ‘viral shunt’. To decode the metabolic footprint of the ‘viral shunt’ in the marine environment, we induced a bloom of Emiliania huxleyi and followed its succession using an untargeted exometabolomics approach. Here, we show that algal bloom succession induces dynamic changes in the exometabolic landscape. We discovered a set of novel chlorine-iodine-containing metabolites that were induced by viral infection and released during bloom demise. These metabolites were further detected in virus-infected oceanic E. huxleyi blooms. Therefore, we propose that halogenation with both chlorine and iodine is a distinct hallmark of the virus-induced DOM of E. huxleyi, providing insights into the metabolic consequences of the ‘viral shunt’ for marine DOM.

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A single-cell view on alga-virus interactions reveals sequential transcriptional programs and infection states

Project description:We performed single-cell transcriptome analysis (using MARS-seq) for the worldwide-distributed microalga Emiliania huxleyi during infection by its specific coccolithovirus. Our results provide insights into the expression programs and infection strategies of the large virus, and highlight the potential of single-cell RNA-sequencing for microbial eukaryotes in the lab and in the field.

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Transcription profiling of Emiliania huxleyi after 6, 12 and 24 hours of viral infection infected with the virus EhV-86 in comparison to an unifected culture

Project description:Gene expression analysis of Emiliania huxleyi after 6, 12 and 24 hours of viral infection infected with the virus EhV-86 in comparison to an unifected culture.

2009-12-01 | E-MEXP-2382 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Cell-to-cell heterogeneity drives host-virus coexistence in a bloom-forming alga

Project description:Algal blooms drive global biogeochemical cycles of key nutrients in the oceans and serve as hotspots for biological interactions. The massive spring blooms of the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (E. huxleyi) are often infected by the lytic Emiliania huxleyi specific virus (EhV) which is a major mortality agent triggering bloom demise. Nonetheless, the multi-annual 'boom and bust' pattern of E. huxleyi suggests that mechanisms of coexistence are essential for these host-virus dynamics. To investigate host-virus coexistence, we developed a new model system from an E. huxleyi culture which recovered from viral infection. The recovered population coexists with the virus, as host cells continue to grow in parallel to viral production. By applying a single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) approach to quantify the fraction of infected cells and assessing infection-specific lipid biomarkers, we identified a small subpopulation (5-7% of cells) that was infected and produced new virions, whereas the majority of the host population could resist infection. To further assess population heterogeneity, we generated monoclonal strain collections using single-cell sorting and subsequently phenotyped their susceptibility to EhV infection. This unraveled a substantial cell-to-cell heterogeneity across a continuum of susceptibility to resistance, suggesting that infection outcomes may vary depending on the individual cell. These results add a new dimension to our understanding of the complexity of host-virus interactions that are commonly assessed in bulk and described by binary definitions of resistance or susceptibility. We propose that phenotypic heterogeneity drives E. huxleyi-EhV coexistence and may potentially provide the coexisting strain an ecological advantage by killing competing susceptible strains.

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Lipid biomarkers for algal resistance to viral infection in the ocean

Project description:Marine viruses play a key role in regulating phytoplankton populations, greatly affecting the biogeochemical cycling of major nutrients in the ocean. Resistance to viral infection has been reported for various phytoplankton species under laboratory conditions. Nevertheless, the occurrence of resistant cells in natural populations is underexplored due to the lack of sensitive tools to detect these rare phenotypes. Consequently, our current understanding of the ecological importance of resistance and its underlying mechanisms is limited. Here, we sought to identify lipid biomarkers for the resistance of the bloom-forming alga Emiliania huxleyi to its specific virus, E. huxleyi virus (EhV). By applying an untargeted lipidomics approach, we identified a group of glycosphingolipid (GSL) biomarkers that characterize resistant E. huxleyi strains and were thus termed resistance-specific GSLs (resGSLs). Further, we detected these lipid biomarkers in E. huxleyi isolates collected from induced E. huxleyi blooms and in samples collected during an open-ocean E. huxleyi bloom, indicating that resistant cells predominantly occur during the demise phase of the bloom. Last, we show that the GSL composition of E. huxleyi cultures that recover following infection and gain resistance to the virus resembles that of resistant strains. These findings highlight the metabolic plasticity and coevolution of the GSL biosynthetic pathway and underscore its central part in this host-virus arms race.

2023-06-12 | MTBLS3323 | MetaboLights

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Project description:BONCAT was adapted and tested as a method for directly quantifying viral production in the ocean. To confirm the successful transfer of host-associated HPG-labeled proteins or peptides into marine viruses, we conducted an independent suite of proteomic experiments with cultured systems to directly assess the production of HPG-labeled viral proteins. We used including Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP374 and its ~200nm coccolithovirus EhV207 as well as E. coli and its ~50 nm virus T7 as virus-host model systems. These specific model systems were chosen because they represent a range of viral particle sizes and their infection dynamics are well characterized. E. huxleyi/EhV207 also represents an ecologically relevant marine virus-host pair.

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