Transcriptomic analysis of sorted lung cells revealed a proviral activity of the NF-κB pathway towards SARS-CoV-2 (RNA-Seq total)
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE244486 | GEO | 2023/10/08
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Investigations of cellular responses to viral infection are commonly performed on mixed populations of infected and uninfected cells or using single-cell RNA sequencing, leading to inaccurate and low-resolution gene expression interpretations. Here, we performed deep polyA+ transcriptome analyses and novel RNA profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells, sorted based on the expression of the viral spike (S) protein. Infection caused a massive reduction in mRNAs and lncRNAs, including transcripts coding for antiviral factors, such as interferons (IFN). This absence of IFN signaling probably explained the poor transcriptomic response of bystander cells co-cultured with S+ ones. NF-κB pathway and the inflammatory response escaped the global shutoff in S+ cells. Functional investigations revealed the proviral function of the NF-κB pathway and the antiviral activity of CYLD, a negative regulator of the pathway. Thus, our transcriptomic analysis on sorted cells revealed additional genes that modulate SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung cells.
2023-10-08 | GSE244483 | GEO
Project description:Investigations of cellular responses to viral infection are commonly performed on mixed populations of infected and uninfected cells or using single-cell RNA sequencing, leading to inaccurate and low-resolution gene expression interpretations. Here, we performed deep polyA+ transcriptome analyses and novel RNA profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells, sorted based on the expression of the viral spike (S) protein. Infection caused a massive reduction in mRNAs and lncRNAs, including transcripts coding for antiviral factors, such as interferons (IFN). This absence of IFN signaling probably explained the poor transcriptomic response of bystander cells co-cultured with S+ ones. NF-κB pathway and the inflammatory response escaped the global shutoff in S+ cells. Functional investigations revealed the proviral function of the NF-κB pathway and the antiviral activity of CYLD, a negative regulator of the pathway. Thus, our transcriptomic analysis on sorted cells revealed additional genes that modulate SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung cells.
2023-10-08 | GSE244484 | GEO
Project description:Investigations of cellular responses to viral infection are commonly performed on mixed populations of infected and uninfected cells or using single-cell RNA sequencing, leading to inaccurate and low-resolution gene expression interpretations. Here, we performed deep polyA+ transcriptome analyses and novel RNA profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells, sorted based on the expression of the viral spike (S) protein. Infection caused a massive reduction in mRNAs and lncRNAs, including transcripts coding for antiviral factors, such as interferons (IFN). This absence of IFN signaling probably explained the poor transcriptomic response of bystander cells co-cultured with S+ ones. NF-κB pathway and the inflammatory response escaped the global shutoff in S+ cells. Functional investigations revealed the proviral function of the NF-κB pathway and the antiviral activity of CYLD, a negative regulator of the pathway. Thus, our transcriptomic analysis on sorted cells revealed additional genes that modulate SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung cells.
2023-10-08 | GSE244485 | GEO
Project description:SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is characterized by a delay in Type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated antiviral defenses alongside robust cytokine production. Here we investigate the underlying molecular basis for this imbalance and implicate virus-mediated activation of NF-κB in the absence of other canonical IFN-I-related transcription factors. Epigenetic and single cell transcriptomic analyses show a selective NF-κB signature that was most prominent in infected cells. Disruption of NF-κB signaling through the silencing of the NF-κB transcription factors p65 or p50 resulted in loss of virus replication that was rescued upon reconstitution. These findings could be further corroborated with the use of NF-κB inhibitors, which reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. These data suggest that the robust cytokine production in response to SARS-CoV-2, despite a diminished IFN-I response, is the product of a dependency on NF-κB for viral replication.
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Project description:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection causes an immune-mediated disease. We have recently shown that SARS-CoV-induced epithelial Calu-3 cytokines could exacerbate and dampen host inflammatory and T cell responses, respectively, through modulating the functions of macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby suggesting that not only are lung epithelial cells the primary cells of SARS-CoV infection, but they also involve in initiating and orchestrating the host innate and adaptive immunity. Comprehensive evaluation of the complex epithelial signaling to SARS-CoV is, thus, crucial for paving the way to better understand SARS pathogenesis and develop the innovative therapeutics against SARS. Here, based on the microarray-based functional genomics, we reported that 2B4 cells, a clonal derivative of Calu-3 cells, elicited a temporal and spatial activation of nuclear factor (NF)kappaB, activator protein (AP)-1 (ATF2/c-Jun), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3/-7 at 12-, 24-, and 48-hrs post infection (p.i.), respectively, resulting in the activation of many antiviral genes, including interferon (IFN)-β, -λs, SARS-related inflammatory mediators, and various IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). While elevated responses of IFN-β and IFN-λs were not detected until 48-hrs p.i., as a consequence of a delayed IRF-3/-7 activation, we showed, for the first time, that both types of IFNs exerted previously under-described non-redundant, complementary, and/or synergistic effects on the epithelial defense against SARS-CoV. Collectively, our results highlight the molecular mechanisms of the sequential activation of virus- and IFN-dependent signaling of lung epithelial cells against SARS-CoV and identify novel cellular targets for future studies, aiming at advancing strategies against SARS. DNA microarrays were performed in the Molecular Genomics (MG) Core Facilities at UTMB. The detailed information about the procedures of microarray analysis has been posted on the MG Core Facilities website (genomics@scms.utmb.edu). To characterize the dynamic, spatial, and temporal changes of the gene expression induced by SARS-CoV, confluent 2B4 cells grown in T-75 flasks were infected with SARS-CoV (MOI=0.1) or remained uninfected (as control) for 12, 24, and 48hrs. Because 2B4 cells were also permissive to the productive infection of Dhori virus (DHOV), a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family within the Thogotovirus genus, resulting in robust responses of IFNs and other pro-inflammatory mediators, we also established parallel cultures of DHOV-infected 2B4 cells (MOI=0.1) for the comparative analysis of global gene expression elicited by SARS-CoV- versus DHOV-infected 2B4 cells. To meet the minimal number required for application of statistical algorithms, we performed the study in triplicate at each time point for mock-, SARS-CoV-, and DHOV-infected cultures, yielding a total of 27 arrays. Briefly, supernatants were harvested from differentially treated cultures at 12-, 24-, and 48-hrs p.i. for subsequent analyses of viral yields and cytokine profiling, whereas the cells were subjected to total RNA extraction by using an RNAqueous-4PCR kit and following the protocol recommended by the manufacturer (Ambion, Austin, TX). Purified RNA samples were sent to our core facility for conversion to cDNA, biotin-labeled, and hybridized to 27 Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 âGene Chipsâ each of which contained 54,675 probe set identifiers representing more than ~47,400 transcripts that identify ~38,500 well-characterized genes, and various internal controls (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Mock-infected cells were compared to cells infected with SARS-CoV or DHOV at each time point.
2010-02-24 | E-GEOD-17400 | biostudies-arrayexpress
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Project description:The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes a multitude of accessory proteins. Using comparative genomic approaches, an additional accessory protein, ORF3c, has been predicted to be encoded within the ORF3a sgmRNA. Expression of ORF3c during infection has been confirmed independently by ribosome profiling. Despite ORF3c also being present in the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV, its function has remained unexplored. Here we show that ORF3c localises only to mitochondria during infection, where it inhibits innate immunity by restricting IFN-β production, but not NF-κB activation or JAK-STAT signalling downstream of type I IFN stimulation. We find that ORF3c acts after stimulation with cytoplasmic RNA helicases RIG-I or MDA5 or adaptor protein MAVS, but not after TRIF, TBK1 or phospho-IRF3 stimulation. ORF3c co-immunoprecipitates with the antiviral proteins MAVS and PGAM5 and induces MAVS cleavage by caspase-3. Unlike early lineage SARS-CoV-2 strains, delta variant strains lack intact ORF3c and do not cleave MAVS to the same extent. Together, these data provide insight into an uncharacterised mechanism of innate immune evasion by this important human pathogen. We suggest a model whereby ORF3c inhibits PGAM5-induced mitophagy and instead induces apoptosis, accompanied by caspase-3 activation. This repository contains data associated with the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3C SILAC AP-MS portions of this work.
2023-10-08 | PXD037765 | Pride
Project description:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global health emergency. A key feature of COVID-19 is dysregulated Interferon-response. Type-I interferon (IFN-I) is one of the earliest antiviral innate immune responses following viral infection and plays a significant role in pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, using a proteomics-based approach, we identified that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces delayed and dysregulated IFN-I signaling in Huh7 cells. We demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 is able to inhibit RIG-I mediated IFN- production. Our results also confirm the recent findings that IFN-I pretreatment is able to reduce susceptibility of Huh7 cells to SARS-CoV-2, but not post-treatment. Senescent Huh7 cells in spite of showing accentuated IFN-I response were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 effectively inhibited IFIT1 in these cells. Proteomic comparison between SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV revealed a distinct differential regulatory signature of interferon-related proteins emphasizing that therapeutic strategies based on observations in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV should be used with caution. Our findings provide a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 regulation of cellular interferon response and a perspective on its use as a treatment. Characterization of the role of different interferon stimulated genes on the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis may direct novel antiviral strategies.
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Project description:Two highly pathogenic human coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have evolved proteins that can inhibit host antiviral responses, likely contributing to disease progression and high case-fatality rates. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in December 2019 to cause a global pandemic. Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 is unable to induce a robust type I interferon (IFN) response in human cells, leading to speculations about the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit innate antiviral responses. However, innate antiviral responses are dynamic in nature and gene expression levels rapidly change within minutes to hours. In this study, we have performed a time series RNA-seq analysis to identify early virus-host processes. SARS-CoV-2 infection upregulated transcripts for type I IFNs and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) after 12 hours. Furthermore, we analyzed the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit type I IFN production and downstream antiviral signaling in human cells. Using exogenous stimuli, we discovered that SARS-CoV-2 is unable to modulate IFNb production and downstream expression of ISGs, such as IRF7 and IFIT1. Thus, data from our study indicate that SARS-CoV-2 may have evolved additional mechanisms, such as masking its nucleic acid from cellular immune response sensors to mount a dampened innate antiviral response. Further studies are required to fully identify the range of immune-modulatory strategies of SARS-CoV-2.
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Project description:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection causes an immune-mediated disease. We have recently shown that SARS-CoV-induced epithelial Calu-3 cytokines could exacerbate and dampen host inflammatory and T cell responses, respectively, through modulating the functions of macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby suggesting that not only are lung epithelial cells the primary cells of SARS-CoV infection, but they also involve in initiating and orchestrating the host innate and adaptive immunity. Comprehensive evaluation of the complex epithelial signaling to SARS-CoV is, thus, crucial for paving the way to better understand SARS pathogenesis and develop the innovative therapeutics against SARS. Here, based on the microarray-based functional genomics, we reported that 2B4 cells, a clonal derivative of Calu-3 cells, elicited a temporal and spatial activation of nuclear factor (NF)kappaB, activator protein (AP)-1 (ATF2/c-Jun), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3/-7 at 12-, 24-, and 48-hrs post infection (p.i.), respectively, resulting in the activation of many antiviral genes, including interferon (IFN)-β, -λs, SARS-related inflammatory mediators, and various IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). While elevated responses of IFN-β and IFN-λs were not detected until 48-hrs p.i., as a consequence of a delayed IRF-3/-7 activation, we showed, for the first time, that both types of IFNs exerted previously under-described non-redundant, complementary, and/or synergistic effects on the epithelial defense against SARS-CoV. Collectively, our results highlight the molecular mechanisms of the sequential activation of virus- and IFN-dependent signaling of lung epithelial cells against SARS-CoV and identify novel cellular targets for future studies, aiming at advancing strategies against SARS.
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