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Snowball-like mushroom morphologies and a novel gene family required for fruiting body development

ABSTRACT: The morphogenesis of sexual fruiting bodies of fungi is a complex process determined by a genetically encoded programme. Fruiting bodies reached highest complexity levels in the Agaricomycetes, yet, the underlying genetics is currently poorly known. In this work, we functionally characterised an unannotated gene we term snb1, whose expression level increases rapidly during fruiting body initiation. According to phylogenetic analyses, orthologues of snb1 are present in almost all Agaricomycetes and may represent a novel conserved gene family that plays a substantial role in fruiting body development. We disrupted snb1 using CRISPR/Cas9 in the agaricomycete model organism Coprinopsis cinerea. Snb1 mutants formed unique, snowball-shaped, rudimentary fruiting bodies that could not differentiate caps, stipes and lamellae. We took advantage of this phenotype to study fruiting body differentiation using RNA-Seq analyses. This revealed a multitude of differentially regulated genes and gene families that may be related to tissue differentiation and the formation of structures. Taken together, the novel gene family of snb1 and the differentially expressed genes in the snb1 mutants provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying tissue differentiation in the Agaricomycetes.

ORGANISM(S): Coprinopsis cinerea

PROVIDER: GSE245082 | GEO | 2024/01/26

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Fungal fruiting body size and form are influenced by the ecology of the species, including diverse environmental stimuli. Accordingly, nutritional resources available to the fungus during development can be vital to successful production of fruiting bodies. To investigate the effect of nutrition, perithecial development of N. crassa was induced on two different media, a sparsely nutritive Synthetic Crossing Medium (SCM) and a natural Carrot Agar (CA). Protoperithecia were collected before crossing, and perithecia were collected at 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and at full maturity 144 hours after crossing. No differences in fruiting body morphology were observed between the two media at any time point. A circuit of microarray hybridizations comparing cDNA from all neighboring stages was performed. For a majority of differentially expressed genes, expression was higher in SCM than in CA, and expression of core metabolic genes was particularly affected. Effects of nutrition were highest in magnitude before crossing, lowering in magnitude during early perithecial development. Interestingly, metabolic effects of the media were also large in magnitude during late perithecial development, at which stage the lower expression in CA presumably reflected the continued intake of diverse complex initial compounds, diminishing the need for expression of anabolic pathways. However, for genes with key regulatory roles in sexual development, including pheromone precursor ccg-4 and poi2, expression patterns were similar between treatments. When possible, a common nutritional environment is ideal for comparing transcriptional profiles between different fungi. Nevertheless, the observed consistency of the developmental program across media, despite considerable metabolic differentiation is reassuring. This result facilitates comparative studies that will require different nutritional resources for sexual development in different fungi. Neurospora crassa mat A FGSC#2489 and mat-a FGSC 4200: Eight perithecial developmental stages, 0hr, 2 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, 96 hr, 120 hr, and 144 hr were sampled and compared

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Snowball-like mushroom morphologies and a novel gene family required for fruiting body development

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