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Muscle Inflammation is Regulated by NF-kB From Multiple Cells to Muscle Inflammation is Regulated by NF-kB From Multiple Cells to Control Distinct States of Wasting in Cancer Cachexia

ABSTRACT: Although cancer cachexia is classically characterized as a systemic inflammatory disorder, emerging evidence indicates that weight loss also associates with local tissue inflammation. We queried the regulation of this inflammation and its causality to cachexia by exploring skeletal muscle, whose atrophy strongly associates with poor outcomes. Using multiple mouse models and patient samples, we show that cachectic muscle is marked by enhanced innate immunity. NF-B activity in multiple cells, including satellite cells, myofibers, and fibro-adipogenic progenitors, promotes macrophage expansion derived equally from infiltrating monocytes and resident tissue. Moreover, NF-B activated cells and macrophages undergo crosstalk: whereas NF-B+ cells recruit macrophages to inhibit regeneration and promote atrophy, while interestingly also protecting myofibers, macrophages stimulate NF-B+ cells to sustain inflammation in a feed-forward loop. Together, we propose that NF-B functions in multiple cells in the muscle microenvironment to stimulate macrophage inflammation that both promotes and protects against muscle wasting in cancer.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE245314 | GEO | 2024/08/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Existing data suggest that NF-kappaB signaling is a key regulator of cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. However, identification of the components of this signaling pathway and of the NF-M-NM-:B transcription factors that regulate wasting is far from complete. In muscles of C26 tumor bearing mice, overexpression of d.n. IKKM-NM-2 blocked muscle wasting by 69%, the IM-NM-:BM-NM-1-super repressor blocked wasting by 41%. In contrast, overexpression of d.n. IKKM-NM-1 or d.n. NIK did not block C26-induced wasting. Surprisingly, overexpression of d.n. p65 or d.n. c-Rel did not significantly block muscle wasting. Genome-wide mRNA expression arrays showed upregulation of many genes previously implicated in muscle atrophy. To test if these upregulated genes were direct targets of NF-M-NM-:B transcription factors, we compared genome-wide p65 or p50 binding to DNA in control and cachectic muscle using ChIP-sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis of ChIP-seq data from control and C26 muscles showed increased p65 and p50 binding to a few regulatory and structural genes but only two of these genes were upregulated with atrophy. The p65 and p50 ChIP-seq data are consistent with our finding of no significant change in protein binding to an NF-M-NM-:B oligo in a gel shift assay. Taken together, these data support the idea that although inhibition of IM-NM-:BM-NM-1, and particularly IKKM-NM-2, blocks cancer-induced wasting, the alternative NF-M-NM-:B signaling pathway is not required. In addition, the downstream NF-M-NM-:B transcription factors do not regulate the transcriptional changes. These data are consistent with the growing body of literature showing that there are NF-M-NM-:B-independent substrates of IKKM-NM-2 and IM-NM-:BM-NM-1 that regulate physiological processes. To compare gene expression changes in atrophied muscles from C26 tumor bearing mice, gastrocnemius/plantaris muscles were harvested from 4 C26 tumor-bearing mice, and 3 control non tumor-bearing mice. Total RNA were isolated and pooled (2-3 muslces in the same group per RNA sample ) to make equal amount of total RNA per sample. Three pooled total RNA samples from healthy control muscles and 3 pooled total RNA from muscles of C26 tumor bearing mice were labelled and hybridized on 6 Mouse Affyemtrix Gene 1.0 ST arrays. Two-side t-tests and multiple test corrections were performed to identify differentially expressed genes due to C26 tumor bearing induced cachexia.

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Muscle Inflammation is Regulated by NF-kB From Multiple Cells to Muscle Inflammation is Regulated by NF-kB From Multiple Cells to Control Distinct States of Wasting in Cancer Cachexia

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