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X chromosome dosage compensation via enhanced transcriptional elongation in Drosophila males (Control & MSL2 RNAi)

ABSTRACT: MSL (Male-specific lethal) complex increases transcription on the single X chromosome of Drosophila males in order to equalize expression of X-linked genes between males (XY) and females (XX). The increase in transcript levels correlates with MSL- dependent acetylation of histone H4 at K16 within the bodies of active genes, but identification of the transcriptional step affected has not been possible. In this study, we use global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) to examine the specific effect of MSL complex on RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) on a genome-wide level. Results indicate that MSL complex enhances transcription by facilitating the progression of RNAP II across the bodies of active X-linked genes. Improving transcriptional output downstream of typical gene-specific control may explain how dosage compensation can be imposed on the diverse set of genes along an entire chromosome.

ORGANISM(S): Drosophila melanogaster

PROVIDER: GSE25887 | GEO | 2011/03/03

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA135821

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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X chromosome dosage compensation via enhanced transcriptional elongation in Drosophila males (Control & MSL2 RNAi)

Project description:MSL (Male-specific lethal) complex increases transcription on the single X chromosome of Drosophila males in order to equalize expression of X-linked genes between males (XY) and females (XX). The increase in transcript levels correlates with MSL- dependent acetylation of histone H4 at K16 within the bodies of active genes, but identification of the transcriptional step affected has not been possible. In this study, we use global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) to examine the specific effect of MSL complex on RNA Polymerase II (RNAP II) on a genome-wide level. Results indicate that MSL complex enhances transcription by facilitating the progression of RNAP II across the bodies of active X-linked genes. Improving transcriptional output downstream of typical gene-specific control may explain how dosage compensation can be imposed on the diverse set of genes along an entire chromosome. Global Run-On Sequencing (GRO-Seq) reads, i.e., RNA-Seq of nascent RNA transcripts, from D. Melanogaster SL2 cells. Two biological replicates of cells treated with control GFP RNAi and cells treated with MSL2 RNAi were analyzed.

2011-03-03 | E-GEOD-25887 | biostudies-arrayexpress

X chromosome dosage compensation via enhanced transcriptional elongation in Drosophila males (Untreated)

2010-12-22 | GSE25321 | GEO

X chromosome dosage compensation via enhanced transcriptional elongation in Drosophila males (Untreated)

2010-12-22 | E-GEOD-25321 | biostudies-arrayexpress

MSL2 is required for upregulation of male X chromosome but not for expression of autosomal genes

2009-08-03 | GSE12054 | GEO

Transcription profiling of Drosophila msl21 male larvae reveals MSL2 is required for upregulation of male X chromosome but not for expression of autosomal genes

Project description:Drosophila males double transcription of their single X chromosome to equalize X-linked gene expression with females, which carry two X chromosomes. Increased transcription requires the Male-Specific Lethal (MSL) complex. The MSL2 protein is essential component of the MSL complex. MSL2 is the only protein that is strictly limited to males. MSL2 together with MSL1 forms the core of the MSL complex. The global effect of msl2 mutation on gene expression was measured by microarray analysis. We found that expression of the X chromosome was decreased in msl21 male larvae, supporting the involvement of MSL2 in the up-regulation of X-linked genes. However, there was no change in expression of 4th chromosomal and heterochromatic genes. This finding is broadly comparable to reports of reduced X chromosome expression following msl2 RNAi knockdown in S2 cells. Hence MSL2 is required for up-regulation of male X chromosome where as it is not necessary for normal expression of 4th chromosomal genes and heterochromatic genes in Drosophila melanogaster males. Experiment Overall Design: Total RNA was prepared from groups of 50 (or more in case of smaller larvae) third instar larvae by TRIzol (Invitrogen) extraction and purified using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen). Three independent RNA preparations for each genotype served as templates for probe synthesis. Affymetrix Drosophila Genome 2.0 chips were hybridized to these probes (Santa Clara, CA). Affymetrix Gene expression data was background corrected, normalized and summarized into a one expression value per sample and probeset using the RMA (robust multi-array average) algorithm. Changes in gene expression (log2 fold changes) were determined by comparing the mean RMA expression values in the msl21 sample to the mean RMA expression values in the msl21/+ samples.

2009-08-07 | E-GEOD-12054 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Enhanced chromatin accessibility of the dosage compensated Drosophila male X chromosome requires the CLAMP zinc finger protein [START-SEQ]

Project description:The essential process of dosage compensation is required to equalize gene expression of X-chromosome genes between males (XY) and females (XX). In Drosophila, the conserved Male-specific lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex mediates dosage compensation by increasing transcript levels from genes on the single male X-chromosome approximately two-fold. Consistent with its increased levels of transcription, the male X-chromosome has enhanced chromatin accessibility, distinguishing it from the autosomes. Here, we demonstrate that the non-sex specific CLAMP (Chromatin-linked adaptor for MSL proteins) zinc finger protein that recognizes GA-rich sequences genome-wide promotes the specialized chromatin environment on the male X-chromosome. In contrast, MSL complex is not required for global male X-chromosome chromatin accessibility, and instead promotes chromatin accessibility just at its highest-occupancy sites. Overall, our results support a model where synergy between the global increases in accessibility promoted by CLAMP and the local effects of MSL complex create a specialized chromatin domain on the male X-chromosome.

2017-10-31 | GSE99842 | GEO

Enhanced chromatin accessibility of the dosage compensated Drosophila male X chromosome requires the CLAMP zinc finger protein [MNase-SEQ]

2017-10-31 | GSE99893 | GEO

Ectopically expressed MSL2 females compared with normal females

Project description:We used H83M2 P element to ectopically expressed MSL2 protein in females to test if the novel formed MSL complex is the directly reason of dosage compensation Compare the MSL2 females with normal females and normal males; MSL2 males also included.

2012-10-16 | E-GEOD-41570 | biostudies-arrayexpress

roX RNAs are required for up-regulation of male X chromosome in Drosophila.

Project description:Drosophila males double transcription of their single X chromosome to equalize X-linked gene expression with females, which carry two X chromosomes. Increased transcription requires the Male-Specific Lethal (MSL) complex. One of the primary functions of the MSL complex is thought to be enrichment of H4Ac16 on the male X chromosome, a modification linked to elevated transcription. The roX1 and roX2 RNAs are essential but redundant components of the MSL complex. Simultaneous removal of both roX RNAs reduces MSL X-localization and leads to ectopic binding of these proteins at autosomal sites and to the chromocenter. Some H4Ac16 accumulates at these ectopic sites in roX1- roX2- males, suggesting the possibility of increased expression. The global effect of roX mutations on gene expression was measured by microarray analysis. We found that expression of the X chromosome was decreased by 26% in roX1- roX2- male larvae, supporting the involvement of roX RNAs in the up-regulation of X-linked genes. This finding is broadly comparable to reports of reduced X chromosome expression following msl2 RNAi knockdown in S2 cells. In spite of strong MSL binding and H4Ac16 accumulation at autosomal sites in roX1- roX2- males, enhanced gene expression could not be detected at these sites by microarray analysis or reverse northern blotting. Thus, failure to compensate X-linked genes, rather than inappropriate up-regulation of autosomal genes at ectopic sites of MSL binding, appears to cause male lethality upon loss of roX RNAs. Keywords: effect of roX1-roX2- mutant on gene expression

2007-01-06 | GSE3990 | GEO

RNA-seq of mouse ES cells depleted of MOF, MSL1, MSL2 or KANSL3

Project description:We have studied the regulatory potential of MYST1-(MOF)-containing MSL and NSL complexes in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and neuronal progenitors. We find that both complexes influence transcription by binding to promoters as well as TSS-distal enhancer regions. In contrast to flies, the MSL complex is not enriched on the X chromosome yet it is crucial for mammalian X chromosome regulation as it specifically regulates Tsix ncRNA, the major repressor of Xist lncRNA. MSL depletion leads to severely decreased Tsix expression, reduced REX1 recruitment, and consequently accumulation of Xist RNA in ESCs. The NSL complex provides additional, Tsix-independent repression of Xist by maintaining pluripotency. MSL and NSL complexes therefore act synergistically by using distinct pathways to ensure a fail-safe mechanism for the repression of X inactivation in ESCs.

2014-06-03 | GSE57698 | GEO

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