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Harnessing the evolved bacteria as cystine-addicted living biocatalyst for antitumor metabolic therapy

ABSTRACT: Bacteria-based metabolic therapy has been acknowledged as a promising strategy for tumor treatment. However, the insufficient efficiency of wild-type bacteria severely restricts their therapeutic efficacy. Here, we successfully develop a ʟ-cystine (CySS)-addicted bacterial biocatalyst for metabolic therapy through a dual-selection directed evolution strategy. Our evolved strain (namely SFEc+) exhibits a 36-fold increase in CySS uptake and a 23-fold improvement in total activity of cysteine desulfhydrases compared to the wild-type strain. By conjugating with DMXAA-loaded liposomes, the engineered biocatalyst not only prevents the influx of nutrients into the tumor microenvironment by blocking neovasculature but also achieves efficient and durable CySS catabolism locally. The absence of CySS disrupts redox homeostasis in tumor cells and strikingly increases intracellular ROS level, resulting in effective tumor elimination. In multiple murine tumor models, intravenous administration of the engineered living biocatalyst displays favorable therapeutic outcomes. Our work not only highlights the promise of directed evolution strategy in enhancing the stability and efficiency of bacteria-based living biocatalyst, but also provides the new opportunities in antitumor metabolic therapy.

ORGANISM(S): Escherichia coli

PROVIDER: GSE260605 | GEO | 2025/02/28

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:BACKGROUND: Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added chemicals using engineered cyanobacteria is a promising strategy to tackle the global warming and energy shortage issues. However, most cyanobacteria are autotrophic and use CO2 as a sole carbon source, which makes it hard to compete with heterotrophic hosts in either growth or productivity. One strategy to overcome this bottleneck is to introduce sugar utilization pathways to enable photomixotrophic growth with CO2 and sugar (e.g., glucose and xylose). Advances in engineering mixotrophic cyanobacteria have been obtained, while a systematic interrogation of these engineered strains is missing. This work aimed to fill the gap at omics level.RESULTS: We first constructed two engineered Synechococcus elongatus YQ2-gal and YQ3-xyl capable of utilizing glucose and xylose, respectively. To investigate the metabolic mechanism, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis were then performed in the engineered photomixotrophic strains YQ2-gal and YQ3-xyl. Transcriptome and metabolome of wild-type S. elongatus were set as baselines. Increased abundance of metabolites in glycolysis or pentose phosphate pathway indicated that efficient sugar utilization significantly enhanced carbon flux in S. elongatus as expected. However, carbon flux was redirected in strain YQ2-gal as more flowed into fatty acids biosynthesis but less into amino acids. In strain YQ3-xyl, more carbon flux was directed into synthesis of sucrose, glucosamine and acetaldehyde, while less into fatty acids and amino acids. Moreover, photosynthesis and bicarbonate transport could be affected by upregulated genes, while nitrogen transport and assimilation were regulated by less transcript abundance of related genes in strain YQ3-xyl with utilization of xylose.CONCLUSIONS: Our work identified metabolic mechanism in engineered S. elongatus during photomixotrophic growth, where regulations of fatty acids metabolism, photosynthesis, bicarbonate transport, nitrogen assimilation and transport are dependent on different sugar utilization. Since photomixotrophic cyanobacteria is regarded as a promising cell factory for bioproduction, this comprehensive understanding of metabolic mechanism of engineered S. elongatus during photomixotrophic growth would shed light on the engineering of more efficient and controllable bioproduction systems based on this potential chassis.

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Harnessing the evolved bacteria as cystine-addicted living biocatalyst for antitumor metabolic therapy

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