ABSTRACT: Modification of RNAs with N6-methadenosine (m6A) has gained attention in recent years as a general mechanism of gene regulation. In the liver, m6A and its associated machinery has been studied as a potential biomarker of disease and cancer, with impacts on metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and pro-cancer state signaling. In vivo studies have begun to explore the effects of m6A in the liver, but differences in outcome of deletion of m6A writers Mettl3 and Mettl14 have not been thoroughly described or explained. Similarly, in vivo studies of the effects of m6A readers such as Ythdf1 and Ythdf2 have not been extended to characterize impacts of dysregulation of these reader proteins in the liver. To understand Mettl14 function, as well as Ythdf1 and Ythdf2, we developed mouse models and found a Mettl14 deletion specific phenotype of progressive liver injury characterized by nuclear heterotypia, with studies highlighting changes in mRNA splicing, processing and export leading to increases in mRNA surveillance and recycling.
Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal messenger (mRNA) modification in mammalian mRNA. This modification is reversible and non-stoichiometric, which potentially adds an additional layer of variety and dynamic control of mRNA metabolism. The m6A-modified mRNA can be selectively recognized by the YTH family “reader” proteins. The preferential binding of m6A-containing mRNA by YTHDF2 is known to reduce the stability of the target transcripts; however, the exact effects of m6A on translation has yet to be elucidated. Here we show that another m6A reader protein, YTHDF1, promotes ribosome loading of its target transcripts. YTHDF1 forms a complex with translation initiation factors to elevate the translation efficiency of its bound mRNA. In a unified mechanism of translation control through m6A, the YTHDF2-mediated decay controls the lifetime of target transcripts; whereas, the YTHDF1-based translation promotion increases the translation efficiency to ensure effective protein production from relatively short-lived transcripts that are marked by m6A. PAR-CLIP and RIP was used to identify YTHDF1 binding sites followed by ribosome profling and RNA seq to assess the consequences of YTHDF1 siRNA knock-down
Project description:RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification emerges as a pivotal mechanism underpinning numerous intracellular processes. METTL14 dimerizes with METTL3 as a m6A writer to install m6A on mRNA. Subsequently, m6A readers bind to m6A-marked RNAs to influence their metabolism/fate. However, there is a knowledge gap in m6A writers and readers governing liver metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6pc) is the gatekeeper of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, determining hepatic glucose production (HGP); however, posttranscriptional regulation of G6pc is poorly understood. Here, we identify METTL14 as a posttranscriptional regulator of G6pc synthesis. Deletion of Mettl14 decreased, whereas overexpression of METTL14 increased, G6pc mRNA m6A methylation in hepatocytes. We mapped five m6A sites, and mutating the 5 sites (G6pcΔ5A) blocked METTL14-induced m6A methylation of G6pcΔ5A mRNA. METTL14 increased G6pc but not G6pcΔ5A mRNA stability and translation. YTHDF1 and YTHDF3 acted as m6A readers for G6pc mRNA to increase G6pc synthesis. Deletion of Mettl14 decreased gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes, liver slices, and mice. Liver METTL14, METTL3, and m6A-methylated G6pc mRNA were upregulated in mice with diet-induced obesity. Deletion of hepatic Mettl14 decreased HGP and mitigated diet-induced metabolic disorders. Collectively, these results unveil a previously-unrecognized METTL14/G6pc mRNA m6A/G6pc biosynthesis/HGP axis guiding glucose metabolism in health and disease.
Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). Recent conceptual and technological advances have sparked extensive research interests in the functions of m6A, which led to the discovery of its writers, erasers and readers; as well as its regulatory roles in a number of biological processes. However, the physiological roles of mRNA m6A in B cells remained unknown. Here, we report that loss of Mettl14, the core component of the m6A writer complex, severely blocked B cell development in mice. In the bone marrow, deletion of Mettl14 in B lineage cells impaired key processes of B lymphopoiesis, including the recombination of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH), the IL-7-induced pro-B cell proliferation, and the transition from the large cycling pre-B stage to the small pre-B stage. Associated with these broad biological effects, Mettl14 deficiency in developing B cells dramatically decreased m6A levels in over 40% transcripts of the whole transcriptome. Global gene expression analysis in Mettl14 KO B cells showed extensive abnormalities in gene expression programs important for B cell development. To further characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated the role of two m6A reader proteins YTHDF2 and YTHDF1. Loss of Ythdf2 impaired the IgH recombination and IL-7-induced proliferation of pro-B cells but did not affect the large pre-B-to-small pre-B cell transition. In contrast, Ythdf1 deficiency did not cause any significant defects in B cell development. These data highlighted the complexity of reader proteins that may have distinct, overlapping, or synergistic roles. Altogether, our data demonstrate that mRNA m6A modification represents a novel regulatory mechanism in early B cell development.
Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). Recent conceptual and technological advances have sparked extensive research interests in the functions of m6A, which led to the discovery of its writers, erasers and readers; as well as its regulatory roles in a number of biological processes. However, the physiological roles of mRNA m6A in B cells remained unknown. Here, we report that loss of Mettl14, the core component of the m6A writer complex, severely blocked B cell development in mice. In the bone marrow, deletion of Mettl14 in B lineage cells impaired key processes of B lymphopoiesis, including the recombination of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH), the IL-7-induced pro-B cell proliferation, and the transition from the large cycling pre-B stage to the small pre-B stage. Associated with these broad biological effects, Mettl14 deficiency in developing B cells dramatically decreased m6A levels in over 40% transcripts of the whole transcriptome. Global gene expression analysis in Mettl14 KO B cells showed extensive abnormalities in gene expression programs important for B cell development. To further characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated the role of two m6A reader proteins YTHDF2 and YTHDF1. Loss of Ythdf2 impaired the IgH recombination and IL-7-induced proliferation of pro-B cells but did not affect the large pre-B-to-small pre-B cell transition. In contrast, Ythdf1 deficiency did not cause any significant defects in B cell development. These data highlighted the complexity of reader proteins that may have distinct, overlapping, or synergistic roles. Altogether, our data demonstrate that mRNA m6A modification represents a novel regulatory mechanism in early B cell development.
Project description:The human YTH domain family protein (YTHDF) family is RNA binding protein which specifically recognizes N6-methyladenosine (m6A), and exerts distinct roles in eukaryocytes; YTHDF1 promotes the translation of m6A modified mRNAs collaborating with initiation factors, and YTHDF2 reduces the stability of the m6A-modified transcripts. We used the Nanostring nCounter to detail the differential gene expression by YTHDF1 and YTHDF2.
Project description:The internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of eukaryotic nuclear RNA controls post-transcriptional gene expression, which is regulated by methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A-binding proteins (readers) in cells. The YTH domain family proteins (YTHDF1–3) bind to m6A-modified cellular RNAs and affect RNA metabolism and processing. Here, we show that YTHDF1–3 proteins recognize m6A-modified HIV-1 RNA and inhibit HIV-1 infection in cell lines and primary CD4+ T-cells. We further mapped the YTHDF1–3 binding sites in HIV-1 RNA from infected cells. We found that the overexpression of YTHDF proteins in cells inhibited HIV-1 infection mainly by decreasing HIV-1 reverse transcription, while knockdown of YTHDF1–3 in cells had the opposite effects. Moreover, silencing the m6A writers decreased HIV-1 Gag protein expression in virus-producing cells, while silencing the m6A erasers increased Gag expression. Our findings suggest an important role of m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA in viral infection and HIV-1 protein synthesis.
Project description:The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in almost all eukaryotic messenger RNAs, and is dynamically regulated. Therefore, identification of m6A readers is especially important in determining the cellular function of m6A. YTHDF2 has recently been characterized as the first m6A reader that regulates the cytoplasmic stability of methylated RNA. Here we show that YTHDC1 is a nuclear m6A reader and report the crystal structure of the YTH domain of YTHDC1 bound to m6A-containing RNA. We further determined the structure of another YTH domain, YTHDF1, and found that the YTH domain utilizes a conserved aromatic cage to specifically recognize the methyl group of m6A. Our structural characterizations of the YTHDC1-m6A RNA complex also shed light on the molecular basis for the preferential binding of the GG(m6A)C sequence by YTHDC1 and confirm the YTH domain as a specific m6A RNA reader. PAR-CLIP (Photoactivatable-Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation) was applied to human YTHDC1 protein to identify its binding sites.
Project description:To identify the target mRNAs of the m6A reader proteins YTHDF1 and YTHDF2, we carried out anti-YTHDF1 and anti-YTHDF2 RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) followed by RNA-sequencing. Using EZ-Magna RIP™ RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation Kit (Millipore), RNA from E12.5 wild-type mouse cortices and P0 wild-type mouse retinas was pulled down by rabbit polyclonal anti-YTHDF1 (proteintech) and rabbit polyclonal anti-YTHDF2 (proteintech), and then sequenced on Illumina HiSeq3000 platform. The filtered reads were mapped to the mouse reference genome (GRCm38) using STAR v2.5 with default parameters. The resulting bam files were fed to the HTSeq tool to count the number of RNA-seq reads, which was further normalized to calculate FPKM. To determine which gene is enriched, we computed the FPKM from RIP elute to input, and any fold change greater than 2 was considered enriched. From the embryonic cortex, we identified 986 and 1860 mRNAs by anti-YTHDF1 and anti-YTHDF2 RIP-seq, respectively. Anti-YTHDF1 and anti-YTHDF2 RIP-seq in mouse retina identified 2969 and 1638 mRNAs, respectively. This study provides the gene lists which show mRNAs binding with YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 in the mouse cortex and retina.
Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal messenger (mRNA) modification in mammalian mRNA. This modification is reversible and non-stoichiometric, which potentially adds an additional layer of variety and dynamic control of mRNA metabolism. The m6A-modified mRNA can be selectively recognized by the YTH family “reader” proteins. The preferential binding of m6A-containing mRNA by YTHDF2 is known to reduce the stability of the target transcripts; however, the exact effects of m6A on translation has yet to be elucidated. Here we show that another m6A reader protein, YTHDF1, promotes ribosome loading of its target transcripts. YTHDF1 forms a complex with translation initiation factors to elevate the translation efficiency of its bound mRNA. In a unified mechanism of translation control through m6A, the YTHDF2-mediated decay controls the lifetime of target transcripts; whereas, the YTHDF1-based translation promotion increases the translation efficiency to ensure effective protein production from relatively short-lived transcripts that are marked by m6A.