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GENERATION OF MOUSE NEOCORTICAL ORGANOIDS TO MODEL THE IMPACT OF CIS-REGULATORY VARIATION ON CORTICAL NEUROGENESIS ACROSS EVOLUTIONARY TIMESCALES (scRNA-Seq)

ABSTRACT: Natural selection has shaped the gene regulatory networks that orchestrate the development of the neocortex, leading to diverse neocortical structure and function across mammals, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving phenotypic changes have proven difficult to characterize. Here, we develop a reproducible protocol to generate cortical organoids from mouse epiblast stem cells that enable in depth mechanistic studies of cortical developmental in vitro. Cortical organoids develop with similar kinetics to the mouse cortex in vivo, recapitulate the cellular diversity present in the embryonic neocortex, and undergo relatively rapid maturation compared to human organoids. We generated cortical organoids from F1 hybrid epiblast stem cell lines from crosses between standard laboratory mice (C57Bl/6J) and four wild-derived inbred mouse strains from distinct sub-species that span ~1 million years of evolutionary divergence. Using scRNA-seq and allele-specific expression analysis we identified hundreds of genes that exhibit differential cis-regulation during cortical neurogenesis. These experimental methods and cellular resources represent a powerful new platform for investigating gene regulatory mechanisms across evolutionary timescales.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE268332 | GEO | 2024/10/20

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Cerebral organoids â three-dimensional cultures of human cerebral tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells â have emerged as models of human cortical development. However, the extent to which in vitro organoid systems recapitulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation programs observed in vivo remains unclear. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect and compare cell composition and progenitor-to-neuron lineage relationships in human cerebral organoids and fetal neocortex. Covariation network analysis using the fetal neocortex data reveals known and novel interactions among genes central to neural progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation. In the organoid, we detect diverse progenitors and differentiated cell types of neuronal and mesenchymal lineages, and identify cells that derived from regions resembling the fetal neocortex. We find that these organoid cortical cells use gene expression programs remarkably similar to those of the fetal tissue in order to organize into cerebral cortex-like regions. Our comparison of in vivo and in vitro cortical single cell transcriptomes illuminates the genetic features underlying human cortical development that can be studied in organoid cultures. 734 single-cell transcriptomes from human fetal neocortex or human cerebral organoids from multiple time points were analyzed in this study. All single cell samples were processed on the microfluidic Fluidigm C1 platform and contain 92 external RNA spike-ins. Fetal neocortex data were generated at 12 weeks post conception (chip 1: 81 cells; chip 2: 83 cells) and 13 weeks post conception (62 cells). Cerebral organoid data were generated from dissociated whole organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cell line 409B2 (iPSC 409B2) at 33 days (40 cells), 35 days (68 cells), 37 days (71 cells), 41 days (74 cells), and 65 days (80 cells) after the start of embryoid body culture. Cerebral organoid data were also generated from microdissected cortical-like regions from H9 embryonic stem cell derived organoids at 53 days (region 1, 48 cells; region 2, 48 cells) or from iPSC 409B2 organoids at 58 days (region 3, 43 cells; region 4, 36 cells).

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GENERATION OF MOUSE NEOCORTICAL ORGANOIDS TO MODEL THE IMPACT OF CIS-REGULATORY VARIATION ON CORTICAL NEUROGENESIS ACROSS EVOLUTIONARY TIMESCALES (scRNA-Seq)

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