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Transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome during induced DNA breaks [DdCBE_ND4_TREX]

ABSTRACT: Mitochondria serve as the cellular powerhouse, and their distinct DNA makes them a prospective target for gene editing to treat genetic disorders. However, the impact of genome editing on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stability remains a mystery. Our study reveals previously unknown risks of genome editing that both nuclear and mitochondrial editing cause discernible transfer of mitochondrial DNA segments into the nuclear genome in various cell types including human cell lines, primary T cells, and mouse embryos. Furthermore, drug-induced mitochondrial stresses and mtDNA breaks exacerbate this transfer of mtDNA into the nuclear genome. Notably, we observe that mitochondrial editors, including mitoTALEN and recently developed base editor DdCBE, can also enhance crosstalk between mtDNA and the nuclear genome. Moreover, we provide a practical solution by co-expressing TREX1 or TREX2 exonucleases during DdCBE editing. These findings imply genome instability of mitochondria during induced DNA breaks and explain the origins of mitochondrial-nuclear DNA segments.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE272360 | GEO | 2024/09/24

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome during induced DNA breaks [c.MYC_DdCBE_ND4_TREX]

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Transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome during gene editing [mitoTALEN_ND4 PEM-seq]

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Project description:Mitochondria serve as the cellular powerhouse, and their distinct DNA makes them a prospective target for gene editing to treat genetic disorders. However, the impact of genome editing on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stability remains a mystery. Our study reveals previously unknown risks of genome editing that both nuclear and mitochondrial editing cause broad transfer of mitochondrial DNA segments into the nuclear genome in various cell types including human cell lines, primary T cells, and mouse embryos. Furthermore, drug-induced mitochondrial stresses and mtDNA breaks exacerbate this transfer of mtDNA into the nuclear genome. Notably, we observe that mitochondrial targeting editors, mitoTALEN and recently developed base editor DdCBE, can also induce widespread mtDNA integrations. However, we provide a practical solution to suppress mtDNA transfer by co-expressing TREX1 or TREX2 exonucleases during DdCBE editing. These findings also shed light on the origins of mitochondrial-nuclear DNA segments.

2024-09-24 | GSE248512 | GEO

Transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome during gene editing [ND5.3 PEM-seq]

Project description:Mitochondria serve as the cellular powerhouse, and their distinct DNA makes them a prospective target for gene editing to treat genetic disorders. However, the impact of genome editing on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stability remains a mystery. Our study reveals previously unknown risks of genome editing that both nuclear and mitochondrial editing cause broad transfer of mitochondrial DNA segments into the nuclear genome in various cell types including human cell lines, primary T cells, and mouse embryos. Furthermore, drug-induced mitochondrial stresses and mtDNA breaks exacerbate this transfer of mtDNA into the nuclear genome. Notably, we observe that mitochondrial targeting editors, mitoTALEN and recently developed base editor DdCBE, can also induce widespread mtDNA integrations. However, we provide a practical solution to suppress mtDNA transfer by co-expressing TREX1 or TREX2 exonucleases during DdCBE editing. These findings also shed light on the origins of mitochondrial-nuclear DNA segments.

2024-09-24 | GSE248511 | GEO

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transfer Mitochondria to the Cells with Virtually Absent Mitochondrial Function but Not to the Cells Harboring Pathogenic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations

Project description:It has been reported that human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can transfer mitochondria to the cells with severely compromised mitochondrial function. We tested whether MSCs transfer mitochondria to the cells under several different conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction, including human pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Using biochemical selection methods, we found that exponentially growing cells in restrictive media (uridine and bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU]+) after coculture of MSCs (uridine-independent and BrdU-sensitive) and 143B-derived cells with severe mitochondrial dysfunction induced by either long-term ethidium bromide treatment or short-term rhodamine 6G (R6G) treatment (uridine-dependent but BrdU-resistant). The exponentially growing cells had nuclear DNA fingerprint patterns identical to 143B, and a sequence of mtDNA identical to the MSCs. Since R6G causes rapid and irreversible damage to mitochondria without the removal of mtDNA, the mitochondrial function appears to be restored through a direct transfer of mitochondria rather than mtDNA alone. Conditioned media, which were prepared by treating mtDNA-less 143B 0 cells under uridine-free condition, induced increased chemotaxis in MSC, which was also supported by transcriptome analysis. A chemotaxis inhibitory agent blocked mitochondrial transfer phenomenon in the above condition. However, we could not find any evidence of mitochondrial transfer to the cells harboring human pathogenic mtDNA mutations (A3243G mutation or 4,977 bp deletion). Thus, the mitochondrial transfer is limited to the condition of a near total absence of mitochondrial function. Elucidation of the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer will help us create a potential “cell therapy-based mitochondrial restoration or mitochondrial gene therapy” for human diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. time series

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