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The contribution of foam cells to angiogenesis and inflammation after spinal cord injury

ABSTRACT: After spinal cord injury (SCI), macrophages engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris and dead cells, transforming into foam cells. Nevertheless, the ultimate fate and functional role of these foam cells remain unclear, while their inflammatory phenotype elicits ongoing controversy. We discovered that macrophages transform into foam cells through 3 stages, which were phagocytosis, digestion, and lipid overload. Macrophages possess a certain degree of antioxidant capacity. When confronted with excessive lipid pressure, they undergo lipid droplets formation and metabolic reprogramming to alleviate lipotoxicity, also promoting angiogenesis. The anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages gradually diminished after SCI, phagocytosing debris could assist in maintaining this phenotype. Moreover, most genes expression patterns were conserved both in the SCI mice and rats. Our study provides a detailed description of the changes in gene expression and function during foam cell formation and long-term fate after SCI, which provides a theoretical basis for further research.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE279731 | GEO | 2024/11/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background: Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most of which are caused by atherosclerosis. Discerning processes that participate in macrophage-to-foam cell formation are critical for understanding the basic mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. To explore the molecular mechanisms of foam cell formation, the differentially expressed proteins were identified. Methods: In this paper, human monocytes, macrophage colony-stimulating factor induced macrophages, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced foam cells were cultured, and tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with mass spectrometry (MS) were performed to find associations between foam cell transformation and proteome profiles. Results: Totally, 5146 quantifiable proteins were identified, among which 1515 and 182 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in macrophage/monocyte and foam cell/macrophage, respectively, using a cutoff of 1.5-fold change. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that downregulated DEPs of macrophages/monocytes were mostly located in the nucleus and upregulated DEPs of foam cells/macrophages mostly located in the plasma membrane and extracellular. Functional analysis of DEPs demonstrated that cholesterol metabolism related proteins were upregulated in foam cells, whereas the immune response-related proteins were downregulated in foam cells. The protein-interaction network showed that the DEPs with the highest interaction intensity between macrophages and foam cells were mainly concentrated in lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Conclusions: This study for the first time to perform quantitative proteomic investigation by TMT labeling and LC-MS/MS to identify differentially expressed proteins in human monocyte, macrophage, and foam cell. The results confirmed cholesterol metabolism was upregulated in foam cells, while immune response was suppressed, which suggested that foam cells were not the population that promote inflammation. In addition, KEGG enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction indicated that the differentially expressed proteins locating in the endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes may be key targets to regulate foam cell formation. These data provide a basis for identifying the potential proteins associated with the molecular mechanism involved in the transformation of macrophages to foam cells.

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The contribution of foam cells to angiogenesis and inflammation after spinal cord injury

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