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Upregulation of the MBM CTC Signature and CTC:B Cell Clusters Associate with Secondary Liver Metastasis: a Melanoma Brain-Liver Metastasis Axis [RNA-Seq]

ABSTRACT: Melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) is linked to dismal prognosis, low overall survival, and is detected in up to 80% of patients at autopsy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the smallest functional units of cancer and precursors of fatal metastasis. We previously employed an unbiased multilevel approach to discover a unique ribosomal protein large/small subunits (RPL/RPS) CTC gene signature associated with MBM. Here, we hypothesized that CTC-driven MBM secondary metastasis (?metastasis of metastasis? per clinical scenarios), has targeted organ specificity for liver. We injected parallel cohorts of immunodeficient and newly-developed humanized NBSGW (HuNBSGW) mice with cells from CTC-derived MBM to identify secondary metastatic patterns. We found the presence of a melanoma brain-liver metastasis axis in humanized NBSGW mice. Further, RNA-Seq analyses of tissues showed a significant upregulation of the RPL/RPS CTC gene signature linked to metastatic spread to liver. Additional RNA-Seq of CTCs from HuNBSGW blood revealed extensive CTC clustering with human B cells in these mice. CTC:B cell clusters were also upregulated in blood of primary melanoma patients, and maintained either in CTC-driven MBM or MBM CTC-derived cells promoting liver metastasis. CTC-generated tumor tissues were interrogated at single-cell gene and protein expression levels (10x Genomics Xenium and HALO spatial biology platforms, respectively). Collectively, our findings suggest that heterotypic CTC:B cell interactions can be critical at multiple stages of metastasis. This study provides important insights for relevance of pro-metastatic CTC:B cell clusters extending from primary metastatic disease, and identifies new targets for therapies of clinical metastasis to improve patient care.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE280739 | GEO | 2025/01/14

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are critical in the development of distant organ tumor metastasis, and are associated with advanced cancer stage and poor patient outcome. Here, we present the first genome-wide nucleotide-level characterization of CTCs. Our single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis in patients with melanoma involved: 1) global comparative genomic analysis of CTCs and matched regional metastases, 2) identification of key genomic aberrations in CTCs, 3) verification of these target genes in aggressive distant tumor metastases, and 4) evidence of selective expression and functional consequence of CTC-associated genes in melanomas. We report 131 aberrant loci in CTCs that are potentially pro-metastatic, and show that such expression of a 5-marker gene panel (CSMD2, CNTNAP5, FLJ14051, ADAM6, TRPM2) in melanomas confers prognostic utility. Successful treatment of melanoma requires understanding of the metastatic process and identification of patients with tumors most likely to develop aggressive metastatic disease. Melanomas are heterogeneous, and CTCs have long been recognized as vehicles for cancer spread, representing particularly aggressive tumor clones that can evolve into successful clinical metastases. Elucidation of genomic aberrations in CTCs will aid in the development of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to target CTCs to prevent or control distant cancer spread. This study provides the first detailed genomic confirmation of the close relation between CTCs and tumor metastases, and illustrates how CTCs can be utilized as a novel approach and rational source for identification of pro-metastatic genes in cancer research. Three individual patient cohorts were utilized in the study. CNV and LOH loci were evaluated initially in metastatic melanoma patients (n=13) in a discovery cohort. SNP loci that harbored CNV/LOH in CTCs were then separately verified for: (a) presence in distant organ metastasis (AJCC Stage IV melanoma) (n=27), and (b) relevance to prognosis in regional melanoma metastasis (AJCC Stage III melanoma) (n=35). The first discovery patient cohort group was utilized for capture of CTCs, and consisted of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and tumor specimens from metastatic melanoma patients (n=13). CTC-related loci were verified in a second cohort of patients with Stage IV distant organ metastases (n=27), including 15 brain, 4 lung, and 8 gastrointestinal (bowel, liver) metastases. The third patient cohort consisted of early passage (<12) established melanoma cell lines derived from 35 regional melanoma metastases (Stage III) for evaluation of the prognostic utility of the CTC-associated aberrant loci.

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Upregulation of the MBM CTC Signature and CTC:B Cell Clusters Associate with Secondary Liver Metastasis: a Melanoma Brain-Liver Metastasis Axis [RNA-Seq]

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