Similar Datasets
Project description:Stem cell research strives to create diverse types of human brain cells. Given plentiful successes in converting human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into forebrain and midbrain cells, here we focus on generating cells of the human hindbrain, a life-sustaining brain region. This is, in turn, predicated on a developmental roadmap of when and how brain progenitors diversify from one another. In one model, a common brain progenitor can generate all brain regions. Here our studies of mouse embryos and hPSCs support a different model that as early as gastrulation, two parallel brain progenitors emerge simultaneously: anterior neural ectoderm (forebrain/midbrain progenitor) and posterior neural ectoderm (which forms most of the hindbrain). Expanding on classical studies, we suggest anterior and posterior neural ectoderm are already lineage-committed in vitro and cannot transdifferentiate. Anterior and posterior neural ectoderm have divergent chromatin landscapes, respectively foreshadowing their forebrain versus hindbrain potentials. We differentiated hPSCs into posterior neural ectoderm, and subsequently, hindbrain rhombomere 5/6-specific motor neurons. Anterior and posterior neural ectoderm thus represent two parallel developmental routes to generate forebrain/midbrain vs. hindbrain neurons. Finally, anterior and posterior ectoderm are likely conserved from vertebrates to hemichordates, intimating an ancient neural lineage bifurcation that predated chordates, with implications for nervous system evolution.
2025-01-10 | GSE286148 | GEO
Project description:Stem cell research strives to create diverse types of human brain cells. Given plentiful successes in converting human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into forebrain and midbrain cells, here we focus on generating cells of the human hindbrain, a life-sustaining brain region. This is, in turn, predicated on a developmental roadmap of when and how brain progenitors diversify from one another. In one model, a common brain progenitor can generate all brain regions. Here our studies of mouse embryos and hPSCs support a different model that as early as gastrulation, two parallel brain progenitors emerge simultaneously: anterior neural ectoderm (forebrain/midbrain progenitor) and posterior neural ectoderm (which forms most of the hindbrain). Expanding on classical studies, we suggest anterior and posterior neural ectoderm are already lineage-committed in vitro and cannot transdifferentiate. Anterior and posterior neural ectoderm have divergent chromatin landscapes, respectively foreshadowing their forebrain versus hindbrain potentials. We differentiated hPSCs into posterior neural ectoderm, and subsequently, hindbrain rhombomere 5/6-specific motor neurons. Anterior and posterior neural ectoderm thus represent two parallel developmental routes to generate forebrain/midbrain vs. hindbrain neurons. Finally, anterior and posterior ectoderm are likely conserved from vertebrates to hemichordates, intimating an ancient neural lineage bifurcation that predated chordates, with implications for nervous system evolution.
2025-01-10 | GSE286147 | GEO
Project description:Stem cell research strives to create diverse types of human brain cells. Given plentiful successes in converting human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into forebrain and midbrain cells, here we focus on generating cells of the human hindbrain, a life-sustaining brain region. This is, in turn, predicated on a developmental roadmap of when and how brain progenitors diversify from one another. In one model, a common brain progenitor can generate all brain regions. Here our studies of mouse embryos and hPSCs support a different model that as early as gastrulation, two parallel brain progenitors emerge simultaneously: anterior neural ectoderm (forebrain/midbrain progenitor) and posterior neural ectoderm (which forms most of the hindbrain). Expanding on classical studies, we suggest anterior and posterior neural ectoderm are already lineage-committed in vitro and cannot transdifferentiate. Anterior and posterior neural ectoderm have divergent chromatin landscapes, respectively foreshadowing their forebrain versus hindbrain potentials. We differentiated hPSCs into posterior neural ectoderm, and subsequently, hindbrain rhombomere 5/6-specific motor neurons. Anterior and posterior neural ectoderm thus represent two parallel developmental routes to generate forebrain/midbrain vs. hindbrain neurons. Finally, anterior and posterior ectoderm are likely conserved from vertebrates to hemichordates, intimating an ancient neural lineage bifurcation that predated chordates, with implications for nervous system evolution.
2025-01-10 | GSE286146 | GEO
Project description:Cardiac neural crest cells are essential for outflow tract remodeling in animals with divided systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems, but their contributions to cardiac development in animals with a single-loop circulatory system are less clear. Here we genetically labeled neural crest cells and examined their contribution to the developing zebrafish heart. We identified two populations of neural crest cells that contribute to distinct compartments of zebrafish cardiovascular system at different developmental stages. A stream of neural crest cells migrating through pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 integrates into the myocardium of the primitive heart tube between 24 and 30 h post fertilization and gives rise to cardiomyocytes. A second wave of neural crest cells migrating along aortic arch 6 envelops the endothelium of the ventral aorta and invades the bulbus arteriosus after three days of development. Interestingly, while inhibition of FGF signaling has no effect on the integration of neural crest cells to the primitive heart tube, it prevents these cells from contributing to the outflow tract, demonstrating disparate responses of neural crest cells to FGF signaling. Furthermore, neural crest ablation in zebrafish leads to multiple cardiac defects, including reduced heart rate, defective myocardial maturation and a failure to recruit progenitor cells from the second heart field. These findings add to our understanding of the contribution of neural crest cells to the developing heart and provide insights into the requirement for these cells in cardiac maturation.
| S-EPMC4515179 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
2020-07-17 | GSE154625 | GEO
Project description:During vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. Here, we use Xenopus laevis embryos to analyze the spatial and temporal transcriptome of distinct ectodermal domains in the course of neurulation, during the establishment of cell lineages. In order to define the transcriptome of small groups of cells from a single germ layer and to retain spatial information, dorsal and ventral ectoderm was subdivided along the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes by microdissections. Principal component analysis on the transcriptomes of these ectoderm fragments primarily identifies embryonic axes and temporal dynamics. This provides a genetic code to define positional information of any ectoderm sample along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes directly from its transcriptome. In parallel, we use nonnegative matrix factorization to predict enhanced gene expression maps onto early and mid-neurula embryos, and specific signatures for each ectoderm area. The clustering of spatial and temporal datasets allowed detection of multiple biologically relevant groups (e.g., Wnt signaling, neural crest development, sensory placode specification, ciliogenesis, germ layer specification). We provide an interactive network interface, EctoMap, for exploring synexpression relationships among genes expressed in the neurula, and suggest several strategies to use this comprehensive dataset to address questions in developmental biology as well as stem cell or cancer research.
| S-EPMC5663519 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
2019-10-23 | GSE115046 | GEO
Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below. Refer to individual Series
2014-07-30 | E-GEOD-41033 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The neural crest arises at the border between the neural plate and the adjacent non-neural ectoderm. It has been suggested that both neural and non-neural ectoderm can contribute to the neural crest. Several studies have examined the molecular mechanisms that regulate neural crest induction in neuralized tissues or the neural plate border. Here, using the chick as a model system, we address the molecular mechanisms by which non-neural ectoderm generates neural crest. We report that in response to FGF the non-neural ectoderm can ectopically express several early neural crest markers (Pax7, Msx1, Dlx5, Sox9, FoxD3, Snail2, and Sox10). Importantly this response to FGF signaling can occur without inducing ectopic mesodermal tissues. Furthermore, the non-neural ectoderm responds to FGF by expressing the prospective neural marker Sox3, but it does not express definitive markers of neural or anterior neural (Sox2 and Otx2) tissues. These results suggest that the non-neural ectoderm can launch the neural crest program in the absence of mesoderm, without acquiring definitive neural character. Finally, we report that prior to the upregulation of these neural crest markers, the non-neural ectoderm upregulates both BMP and Wnt molecules in response to FGF. Our results provide the first effort to understand the molecular events leading to neural crest development via the non-neural ectoderm in amniotes and present a distinct response to FGF signaling.
| S-EPMC3541687 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Brain injury in premature infants, especially periventricular leukomalacia, is an important cause of neurologic disabilities. Inflammation contributes to perinatal brain injury development, but the essential mediators that lead to early-life brain injury remain largely unknown. Neonates have reduced capacity for mounting conventional ??T-cell responses. However, ??T cells are already functionally competent during early development and are important in early-life immunity. We investigated the potential contribution of ??T cells to preterm brain injury using postmortem brains from human preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia and two animal models of preterm brain injury-the hypoxic-ischemic mouse model and a fetal sheep asphyxia model. Large numbers of ??T cells were observed in the brains of mice, sheep, and postmortem preterm infants after injury, and depletion of ??T cells provided protection in the mouse model. The common ??T-cell-associated cytokines interferon-? and IL-17A were not detectable in the brain. Although there were increased mRNA levels of Il17f and Il22 in the mouse brains after injury, neither IL-17F nor IL-22 cytokines contributed to preterm brain injury. These findings highlight unique features of injury in the developing brain, where, unlike injury in the mature brain, ??T cells function as initiators of injury independently of common ??T-cell-associated cytokines. This finding will help to identify therapeutic targets for preventing or treating preterm infants with brain injury.
| S-EPMC5840494 | biostudies-literature