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Sustained axon regeneration induced by a synergy of PTEN and SOCS3 deletion

ABSTRACT: A formidable challenge in neural repair in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is the long distances that regenerating axons often need to travel in order to reconnect with their targets. Thus, a sustained capacity for axon regeneration is critical for achieving functional restoration. Although deletion of either Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), or suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, in adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) individually promoted significant optic nerve regeneration, such regrowth tapered off around two weeks after the crush injury. Remarkably, we now find that simultaneous deletion of both PTEN and SOCS3 enable robust and sustained axon regeneration. We further show that PTEN and SOCS3 regulate two independent pathways that act synergistically to promote enhanced axon regeneration. Gene expression analyses suggest that double deletion not only result in the induction of many growth-related genes, but also allow RGCs to maintain the expression of a repertoire of genes at the physiological level after injury. Our results reveal concurrent activation of mTOR and STAT3 pathways as a key for sustaining long-distance axon regeneration in adult CNS, a crucial step toward functional recovery.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE32309 | GEO | 2011/10/28

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA147307

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Sustained axon regeneration induced by a synergy of PTEN and SOCS3 deletion

Project description:A formidable challenge in neural repair in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is the long distances that regenerating axons often need to travel in order to reconnect with their targets. Thus, a sustained capacity for axon regeneration is critical for achieving functional restoration. Although deletion of either Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), or suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, in adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) individually promoted significant optic nerve regeneration, such regrowth tapered off around two weeks after the crush injury. Remarkably, we now find that simultaneous deletion of both PTEN and SOCS3 enable robust and sustained axon regeneration. We further show that PTEN and SOCS3 regulate two independent pathways that act synergistically to promote enhanced axon regeneration. Gene expression analyses suggest that double deletion not only result in the induction of many growth-related genes, but also allow RGCs to maintain the expression of a repertoire of genes at the physiological level after injury. Our results reveal concurrent activation of mTOR and STAT3 pathways as a key for sustaining long-distance axon regeneration in adult CNS, a crucial step toward functional recovery. RNAs were extracted from FACS sorted YFP positive mouse retinal cells, and gene-profiled using affymetrix 1.0 ST expression arrays. Three hybridizations were performed for each group (Wild type after crush, PTEN Knockout+crush, SOCS3 Knockout+crush, and PTEN/SOCS3 double knockout+crush) with RNA samples collected from three independent FACS purifications. Data were analyzed using dChIP and SAM.

2011-10-27 | E-GEOD-32309 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Single Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Regenerating RGCs Reveals Potent Glaucoma Neural Repair Genes [Second_batch_reg_RGCs]

Project description:Axon regeneration holds great promise for neural repair of CNS axonopathies, including glaucoma. Pten deletion in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) promotes potent optic nerve regeneration, but only a small population of Pten-null RGCs are actually regenerating RGCs (regRGCs); most surviving RGCs (surRGCs) remain non-regenerative. Here we developed a strategy to specifically label and purify regRGCs and surRGCs respectively from the same Pten deletion mice after optic nerve crush, in which they differ only in their regeneration capability. Smart-Seq2 single cell transcriptome analysis revealed novel regeneration-associated genes that significantly promote axon regeneration. The most potent of these, Anxa2, acts synergistically with its ligand tPA in Pten deletion-induced axon regeneration. Anxa2, its downstream effector ILK, and Mpp1 dramatically protect RGC somata and axons and preserves visual function in a clinically relevant model of glaucoma, demonstrating the exciting potential of this innovative strategy to identify novel effective neural repair candidates.

2022-08-20 | GSE206624 | GEO

Single Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Regenerating RGCs Reveals Potent Glaucoma Neural Repair Genes [First_batch_reg_RGCs]

2022-08-20 | GSE206622 | GEO

Single Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Regenerating RGCs Reveals Potent Glaucoma Neural Repair Genes [Second_batch_sur_RGCs]

2022-08-20 | GSE206625 | GEO

Single Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Regenerating RGCs Reveals Potent Glaucoma Neural Repair Genes [First_batch_sur_RGCs]

2022-08-20 | GSE206623 | GEO

Mus musculus

Project description:Sustained axon regeneration induced by a synergy of PTEN and SOCS3 deletion

| PRJNA147307 | ENA

Overlapping transcriptional programs promote survival and axonal regeneration of injured retinal ganglion cells [2]

Project description:Neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) display only a limited ability to survive and regenerate their axons after an injury. In mice, 85% of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die within 2 weeks of axotomy by optic nerve crush (ONC) and only few survivors regenerate axons. In the past years, a multitude of interventions have been identified to improve RGC survival and regeneration after an injury, however, each only protects a subset of neurons and stimulates axon regrowth in an even smaller set.. Here, we sought out to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this selective responsiveness and investigated genes regulated by three well established survival and regeneration-promoting interventions – activation of the MTOR pathway via deletion of its inhibitor Pten, activation of the Jak/Stat-pathway by deletion of its endogenous inhibitor Socs3, and overexpression of the neurotrophic cytokine CNTF. Analysis of the transcriptomes from >125,000 single RGCs at various time points after ONC showed that while broad survival of all RGC types could be induced with each intervention, type-independent axon regeneration was only overcome with the manipulation of multiple pathways. Those RGCs were able to mitigate the injury response and simultaneously upregulated survival and regeneration associated programs (prior and after injury). Four independent ways of analysis identified these programs to be differentially regulated among RGCs, with distinct signatures for degenerating, surviving and regenerating cells. Finally, testing some genes associated with the regeneration-program in vivo identified potential future therapeutic targets to promote neuroprotection and axonal regeneration.

2022-06-28 | GSE202154 | GEO

Overlapping transcriptional programs promote survival and axonal regeneration of injured retinal ganglion cells [1]

2022-06-28 | GSE201254 | GEO

Sox11 expression in adult retina promotes regeneration of some ganglion cell types but kills others

Project description:At least 30 types of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) send distinct messages through the optic nerve to the brain. Strategies for promoting regeneration of RGC axons following injury act on only some of these types. Here we tested the hypothesis that over-expressing developmentally important transcription factors in adult RGCs could reprogram them to a “youthful” growth-competent state and promote regeneration of other types. From a screen of transcription factors expressed by developing RGCs, we found one, Sox11, that induced substantial axon regeneration. Transcriptome profiling confirmed that Sox11 activates genes involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and axon growth. Remarkably, alpha-RGCs, which preferentially regenerate following treatments such as PTEN deletion, were killed by Sox 11. Thus, Sox 11 promotes regeneration of non-alpha RGCs, which are refractory to PTEN. We conclude that Sox11 can reprogram adult RGCs to a growth-competent state and that different growth-promoting interventions act on distinct neuronal types.

2017-06-25 | GSE87046 | GEO

PTEN inhibition dedifferentiates long-distance axon-regenerating intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and upregulates mitochondria-associated DYNLT1A and LARS2

Project description:The central nervous system (CNS) projection neurons fail to spontaneously regenerate injured axons. Targeting the developmentally regulated genes in order to reactivate embryonic intrinsic axon growth capacity, or targeting tumor suppressor genes such as Pten, promote axon regeneration in a subset of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The subset of RGCs that regenerate axons in response to inhibition of Pten was narrowed-down to the Opn4+ intrinsically photosensitive (ip) and α subtypes of RGCs. Here, we used single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate why only a subset of injured RGCs regenerate axons in response to Pten knockdown (KD), and to characterize the relationship between axon regeneration promoted by targeting Pten and the developmental decline in intrinsic axon growth capacity. We found that, only the most similar to embryonic state ipRGC subtypes C33 and C40 regenerated axons in response to Pten KD, which dedifferentiated them even further towards an embryonic state. We also found that genes downstream of Pten KD, specifically in the RGCs that regenerated axons, include mitochondria-associated developmentally regulated and non-developmentally regulated Dynlt1a and Lars2, respectively, which promoted axon regeneration on their own. Overall, we show that injury itself reverts transcriptome towards an embryonic state only in some neuronal subtypes and not sufficiently close to embryonic state to confer response to Pten KD, whereas certain mature neuronal subtypes are similar to embryonic state even without injury, which primes them to regenerate axons in response to Pten KD, that dedifferentiates them further towards an embryonic state and upregulates mitochondria-associated Dynlt1a and Lars2.

2023-04-11 | GSE210137 | GEO

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