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Lipocalin-2-mediated downregulation of Twist1 reverses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma

ABSTRACT: Elevated lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) has been observed in multiple human cancers, but its biological roles remain unclear. Our purpose in this study was to investigate whether Lcn2 is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development via its involvement in invasion and metastasis. Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of tissue samples, we identified preferential expression of Lcn2 (>2-fold change) in the tumor group (differentiated group) versus the non-tumor group (liver cirrhosis group). LCN2 immunoreactivity was positively correlated with TNM stage (r = 0.194, P = 0.020), but not with differentiation or recurrence of HCC. Over-expression of Lcn2 was observed in HLK-2, HKK-2, and HLK-5 HCC cells. Knock-down of Lcn2 by shRNA in HKK-2 cells was correlated with the down-regulation of E-cadherin, CK-8, CK-18, and desmoplakin I/II (DesI/II) and the up-regulation of N-cadherin, vimentin (VIM), and fibronectin (FN), which are markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with tumor progression. The characteristics of EMT were reversed by adenoviral transduction of Lcn2 into SH-J1 cells. EGF or TGF-β treatment resulted in downregulation of Lcn2 with a concomitant change in EMT. Stable Lcn2 expression in HCC cells reduced the expression of the transcription factor Twist1, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth and metastatic ability in a mouse model. These findings suggest that Lcn2 can reverse the EMT in HCC through transcriptional suppression of Twist 1. Thus, Lcn2 is a candidate metastasis suppressor and a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE36411 | GEO | 2012/06/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA153211

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Elevated lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) has been observed in multiple human cancers, but its biological roles remain unclear. Our purpose in this study was to investigate whether Lcn2 is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development via its involvement in invasion and metastasis. Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of tissue samples, we identified preferential expression of Lcn2 (>2-fold change) in the tumor group (differentiated group) versus the non-tumor group (liver cirrhosis group). LCN2 immunoreactivity was positively correlated with TNM stage (r = 0.194, P = 0.020), but not with differentiation or recurrence of HCC. Over-expression of Lcn2 was observed in HLK-2, HKK-2, and HLK-5 HCC cells. Knock-down of Lcn2 by shRNA in HKK-2 cells was correlated with the down-regulation of E-cadherin, CK-8, CK-18, and desmoplakin I/II (DesI/II) and the up-regulation of N-cadherin, vimentin (VIM), and fibronectin (FN), which are markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with tumor progression. The characteristics of EMT were reversed by adenoviral transduction of Lcn2 into SH-J1 cells. EGF or TGF-β treatment resulted in downregulation of Lcn2 with a concomitant change in EMT. Stable Lcn2 expression in HCC cells reduced the expression of the transcription factor Twist1, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and suppressed tumor growth and metastatic ability in a mouse model. These findings suggest that Lcn2 can reverse the EMT in HCC through transcriptional suppression of Twist 1. Thus, Lcn2 is a candidate metastasis suppressor and a potential therapeutic target for HCC. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering separated the samples into two main groups: a non-tumor group (NT, n = 40) and a HCC group (HCC, n = 40), and into two subgroups: a liver cirrhosis group (LC, n = 20) and a differentiated HCC group (difHCC, n = 20). Lcn2 was one of the unique genes with a two-fold or greater difference in expression from the mean with P < 0.01 based on the t-test for hierarchical clustering analysis.

Project description:The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family is widely distributed in vertebrates and is essential for drug resistance, cell signaling and energy homeostasis. There is growing evidence that various ABC transporters contribute to the growth and development of tumors but relatively little is known about how the ABC transporter family behaves in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ABCC6 transporter was downregulated in HCC tissues and that it was associated with successful treatment for HCC patients. Cellular model studies have shown that ABCC6 plays a role in the migration and cytoskeleton rearrangement of HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells, highlighting its role in cancer biology. Abcc6-silenced HepG2 cells are used as cell model to obtain more deep information about the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed results. MTT and colony formation assays, showed the effects of Abcc6 on HepG2 cell proliferation. Western blotting analysis, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence were used to find the E-cadherin, Vimentin, and N-cadherin markers associated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Colony formation experiments in the current study showed that Abcc6 decreased HepG2 cell viability. The migratory and invasion activities were dramatically slowed down by Abcc6 silencing, according to the Transwell and wound-healing assays. In tumor cells, EMT has been shown to be crucial for enhancing migration and invasion and is frequently characterized by a loss of epithelial markers (E-cadherin) and an increase in mesenchymal markers (Vimentin and N-cadherin). In the western blotting examination, E-cadherin expression was considerably elevated compared to the control group, while N-cadherin and Vimentin expression were downregulated. This led to the hypothesis that the underlying mechanism of Abcc6 knockdown prevents migration and invasion in HepG2 cells and is linked to the suppression of EMT. In conclusion all evidence suggested that ABC transporters play a more active role in cancer biology.

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Lipocalin-2-mediated downregulation of Twist1 reverses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma

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