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C. elegans piRNAs mediate the genome-wide surveillance of germline transcripts

ABSTRACT: Piwi Argonautes and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) mediate genome defense by targeting transposons. However, many piRNA species lack obvious sequence complementarity to transposons or other loci. For example, only one C. elegans transposon is a known piRNA target. Here we show that, in mutants lacking the Piwi Argonaute PRG-1 and associated piRNAs (21U-RNAs), many silent loci in the germline exhibit increased levels of mRNA expression and depletion of an amplified RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)-derived species of small RNA termed 22G-RNAs. Sequences depleted of 22G-RNAs are enriched nearby potential target sites that base pair imperfectly but extensively to 21U-RNAs. We show that PRG-1 is required to initiate, but not to maintain, silencing of transgenes engineered to contain complementarity to endogenous 21U-RNAs. Our findings support a model in which C. elegans piRNAs utilize their enormous repertoire of targeting capacity to scan the germline transcriptome for foreign sequences, while endogenous germline-expressed genes are actively protected from piRNA-induced silencing.

ORGANISM(S): Caenorhabditis elegans

PROVIDER: GSE38723 | GEO | 2012/09/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA168500

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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C. elegans piRNAs mediate the genome-wide surveillance of germline transcripts

Project description:Piwi Argonautes and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) mediate genome defense by targeting transposons. However, many piRNA species lack obvious sequence complementarity to transposons or other loci. For example, only one C. elegans transposon is a known piRNA target. Here we show that, in mutants lacking the Piwi Argonaute PRG-1 and associated piRNAs (21U-RNAs), many silent loci in the germline exhibit increased levels of mRNA expression and depletion of an amplified RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)-derived species of small RNA termed 22G-RNAs. Sequences depleted of 22G-RNAs are enriched nearby potential target sites that base pair imperfectly but extensively to 21U-RNAs. We show that PRG-1 is required to initiate, but not to maintain, silencing of transgenes engineered to contain complementarity to endogenous 21U-RNAs. Our findings support a model in which C. elegans piRNAs utilize their enormous repertoire of targeting capacity to scan the germline transcriptome for foreign sequences, while endogenous germline-expressed genes are actively protected from piRNA-induced silencing. Examine small RNA population changes in prg-1 and rescued strains

2012-09-01 | E-GEOD-38723 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:The Piwi-piRNA pathway represents a germline specific transposon-defense system. C. elegans Piwi, prg-1, is a non-essential gene and triggers a secondary RNAi response that depends on so-called mutator genes, endo-siRNAs (22G-RNAs) and at least one 22G-RNA-binding Argonaute protein, HRDE-1. Interestingly, through a poorly understood mechanism, silencing of PRG-1 targets can become PRG-1 independent. This state, also known as RNAe, is heritable and depends on mutator genes and HRDE-1. We studied how the transgenerational memory of RNAe and the piRNA pathway interact. We find that maternally provided PRG-1 is required for the de-novo establishment of 22G-RNA populations, especially those targeting transposons. Strikingly, attempts to re-establish 22G-RNAs in absence of both PRG-1 and RNAe memory result in severe germline proliferation defects. This is accompanied by a disturbed balance between gene-activating and -repressing 22G-RNA pathways. We propose a model in which CSR-1 prevents the loading of HRDE-1 and that both PRG-1 and HRDE-1 help to keep mutator activity focused on the proper targets.

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Project description:Piwi-related Argonaute proteins play important roles in maintaining germline integrity and fertility and have been linked to a class of germline-enriched small RNAs termed piRNAs. Caenorhabditis elegans encodes two Piwi family proteins called PRG-1 and PRG-2, and PRG-1 interacts with the C. elegans piRNAs (21U-RNAs). Previous studies found that the prg-1 mutation causes a marked reduction in the expression of 21U-RNAs, temperature-sensitive defects in fertility and other phenotypic defects.To systematically demonstrate the function of PRG-1 on regulating small RNAs and their targets. We use recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology to show that expression of non-coding small RNAs in six stages(embryo,L1,L2,L3,L4,young audlt) and mRNAs in four stages (L1,L2,L3,L4) after prg-1 mutation. prg-1 mutation can not only lead to a decrease in the expression of 21U-RNAs, but also cause 35~40% of miRNAs to be significantly down-regulated; approximately 3% (6.00% in L4) of protein-coding genes are differentially expressed after mutating prg-1, and 60~70% of these substantially changed protein-coding genes are up-regulated.

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The IDR-containing protein PID-2 affects Z granules and is required for piRNA-induced silencing in the embryo

Project description:In Caenorhabditis elegans, the piRNA (21U RNA) pathway is required to establish proper gene regulation and an immortal germline. To achieve this, PRG-1-bound 21U RNAs trigger silencing mechanisms mediated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)-synthetized 22G RNAs. This silencing can become PRG-1-independent, and heritable over many generations. This state is named RNAe. It is unknown how and when RNAe is established, and how it is maintained. We show that maternally provided 21U RNAs can be sufficient to trigger RNAe in embryos. Additionally, we identify the IDR-containing protein PID-2, as a factor required to establish and maintain RNAe. PID-2 interacts with two novel, partially redundant, eTudor domain proteins, PID-4 and PID-5. Additionally, PID-5 has a domain related to the X-prolyl aminopeptidase protein APP-1, and binds APP-1, implicating N-terminal proteolysis in RNAe. All three proteins are required for germline immortality, localize to perinuclear foci and affect Z granules, and are required for balancing of 22G RNA populations. Overall, our study identifies three new proteins with crucial functions in the C. elegans small RNA silencing network.

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The expression of small RNAs after prg-1 mutation

2014-06-09 | E-GEOD-56272 | biostudies-arrayexpress

The expression mRNAs after prg-1 mutation

2014-06-09 | E-GEOD-56271 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Function, targets and evolution of Caenorhabditis elegans piRNAs (mRNA)

Project description:piRNAs are required to maintain germline integrity and fertility but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that C. elegans piRNAs silence transcripts in trans through imperfectly complementary sites. We find that target silencing is independent of Piwi endonuclease activity or “slicing”. Instead, we show that piRNAs initiate a localized secondary endogenous small interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) response. Endogenous protein-coding gene, pseudogene and transposon transcripts exhibit Piwi-dependent endo-siRNAs at sites complementary to piRNAs and are derepressed in Piwi mutants. Genomic loci of piRNA biogenesis are depleted of protein-coding genes but not pseudogenes or transposons. Our data suggest that nematode piRNA clusters are evolving to generate piRNAs against active mobile elements. Thus, piRNAs provide heritable, sequence-specific triggers for RNAi in C. elegans. Affymetrix mRNA expression data from wild-type and two independent prg-1;prg-2 double mutant C. elegans strains (mRNA)

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PID-1 is a novel factor that operates during 21U RNA biogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Project description:Animal germ cells employ small RNA-based mechanisms to recognize and silence DNA that invades their genome. One of these pathways is named the Piwi:piRNA pathway. Biogenesis of piRNAs is poorly understood. In C. elegans, the piRNA (21U-RNA)-binding Argonaute protein PRG-1 is the only known player acting downstream of pre-cursor transcription. From a screen aimed at the isolation of ‘piRNA-induced silencing defective’ mutations we identified, amongst known Piwi-pathway components like MUT-7, RDE-3 and HRDE-1, PID-1 as a novel player. PID-1 is essential for 21U RNA biogenesis and affects an early step in the processing or transport of 21U precursor transcripts.

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