Composition and expression of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes in the straw-degrading mushroom Volvariella volvacea
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Volvariella volvacea
PROVIDER: GSE43019 | GEO | 2014/12/19
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA184061
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Volvariella volvacea is one of a few commercial cultivated mushrooms mainly using straw as carbon source. In this study, the genome of V. volcacea was sequenced and assembled. A total of 286 genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in V. volvacea were identified and annotated. Among 15 fungi with sequenced genomes, V. volvacea ranks the seventh in the number of genes encoding CAZymes. In addition, the composition of glycoside hydrolases in V. volcacea is dramatically different from other basidiomycetes: it is particularly rich in members of the glycoside hydrolase families GH10 (hemicellulose degradation) and GH43 (hemicellulose and pectin degradation), and the lyase families PL1, PL3 and PL4 (pectin degradation) but lacks families GH5b, GH11, GH26, GH62, GH93, GH115, GH105, GH9, GH53, GH32, GH74 and CE12. Analysis of genome-wide gene expression profiles of 3 strains using 3'-tag digital gene expression (DGE) reveals that 246 CAZyme genes were expressed even in potato destrose broth medium. Our data also showed that the formation of a heterokaryon strain could dramatically increase the expression of a number of genes which were poorly expressed in its parental homokaryon strains. Using the 3'-tag digital gene expression (DGE), we compared the gene expression profiles among 2 homokaryotic V. volvacea strains PYd15 and PYd21, and one heterokaryotic strain H1521, which is a hybrid strain of PYd15 and PYd21.
2014-12-19 | E-GEOD-43019 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Ruminants are the most efficient herbivorous animals to transform plant biomass into edible products, principally thanks to the rumen microbiota that produces a large array of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Several biotic and abiotic factors influence the efficiency of fiber degradation, which can ultimately impact the animal productivity and health. To provide more insight on mechanisms involved in the modulation of fibrolytic activity, a functional DNA microarray targeting genes coding for key enzymes involved in cellulose and hemicellulose degradation by rumen microbiota was designed. The DNA microarray, designated FibroChip, was validated using targets of increasing complexity. This new tool demonstrated sensitivity and specificity as well as explorative and semi-quantitative potential. The FibroChip was designed with the objective to propose a high throughput tool that enables to get a rapid picture of the capacity of rumen microorganisms to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose based on a targeted metatranscriptomics approach. We chose to focus on a few number of genes by targeting main ruminal fibrolytic microorganisms and selected CAZyme families that may have a pivotal role in cellulose and hemicellulose degradation. The microarray targets the coding sequence of catalytic domains from 8 CAZyme families involved in cellulose and hemicellulose degradation (i.e. glycoside hydrolases GH5, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH43 and GH48, and carbohydrate esterases CE1 and CE6). Taken together, these families present complementary activities needed for the complete degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. In total, 392 nucleic sequences encoding 363 GH and 29 CE were kept for the microarray design. These sequences originated from 41 bacterial species, 4 protozoal species and 10 fungal species. The microarray is composed of 1631 25-mer probes. GoArrays strategy consisting by associating 2 25-mer probes targeting the same gene (Rimour et al., 2005) was also emplyed to determine 2618 composite probes of 54-mers. Triplicate of probes of 25 and 54-mers were synthetized in situ on an Agilent 8x15K DNA microarray. The microarray contained also 382 Agilent internal control probes including positive controls, negative controls and quality control probes. Probes were randomly placed on the array to avoid position bias.
2017-12-01 | GSE107550 | GEO
Project description:Plant mannans are a component of lignocellulose that may possess diverse compositions changing both in terms of its backbone and side-chain substitutions. Consequently, the degradation of mannan substrates requires a cadre of enzymes for complete reduction to substituent monosaccharides, specifically mannose, galactose, and/or glucose. One bacterium that possesses this suite of enzymes is the Gram-negative saprophyte Cellvibrio japonicus, which has ten predicted mannanases from the Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) families 5, 26, and 27. Here we describe a systems biology approach to identify and characterize the essential components of the mannan degradation apparatus in this bacterium. Transcriptomic analysis uncovered significant changes in gene expression for most mannanases, as well as many genes that encode Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) when mannan substrates were actively being degraded. A comprehensive mutational analysis characterized 54 CAZyme genes in the context of mannan utilization. Growth analysis of the mutant strains indicated that the man26C, aga27A, and man5D genes, which encode a mannobiohydrolase, α- galactosidase, and mannosidase, respectively, were influential to the deconstruction of galactomannan. Furthermore, our updated model of mannan degradation in C. japonicus proposes that the removal of galactose sidechains from substituted mannans constitutes a crucial step for the efficient and complete degradation of this hemicellulose by bacteria.
2022-06-28 | GSE206864 | GEO
Project description:Brazil is the world’s second largest producer of ethanol. Increasing demand for this biofuel has called for investment in new technologies. One example of such technologies is the second-generation (2G) ethanol production. Lignocellulose comprises mainly cellulose and hemicellulose, which consist of high-energy sugars that can be converted into ethanol. Aspergillus sp play an important role in the recycling of lignocellulosic biomass. These species have been investigated as a cell factory to produce industrial enzymes. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms used by Aspergillus sp during degradation of plant biomass and to identify the hydrolytic enzymes secreted by these fungi, we have analyzed the transcriptome and secretome of an Aspergillus species grown on sugarcane bagasse (SEB). A. fumigatus was cultivated in the presence of fructose or SEB. Its cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities depended on time. The maximum activities of endoglucanase and xylanase from the fungus grown on SEB were 0.0029 and 10.82 U mL-1, respectively. Characterization of the transcriptome by RNAseq technology helped to identify genes that participated in the degradation of the biomass demonstrating potential application in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. The RNAseq data revealed that 2287 genes were differentially expressed in the fungus grown on SEB; 1181 and 1046 of these genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. There were several CAZymes among the up-regulated genes. Most of these enzymes belonged to the GH family, which includes important hydrolytic and accessory enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose. Similarly, proteomic studies showed that a total of 130 proteins existed in the fungus grown on SEB. These proteins were classified into several groups of secreted extracellular enzymes, and their functional classification demonstrated that 59% of the proteins were CAZymes such as GH45-endoglucanases, GH6 and GH7-cellobiohydrolases, GH3-β-glucosidases, GH10-xylanases, and AA9-LPMO. Data obtained by transcriptome and secretome analyses indicated that A. fumigatus produces a considerable number of CAZymes that participate in the hydrolysis of biomass. These CAZymes are valuable for the lignocellulosic bioenergy industry, provide information for future studies on the degradation of biomass, and improve understanding of the role genes and enzymes play in the degradation process.
2018-03-19 | GSE95798 | GEO
Project description:Polysaccharides from macroalgae are important bacterial nutrient source and central biogeochemical component in the oceans. To illuminate the cellular mechanisms of polysaccharide degradation by marine bacteria, growth of Alteromonas macleodii 83-1 on a mix of laminarin, alginate and pectin was characterized using transcriptomics, proteomics and exometabolomics. A. macleodii 83-1 showed two distinct growth stages, with exponential growth during laminarin utilization followed by maintenance during simultaneous alginate/pectin utilization. The biphasic growth coincided with major temporal shifts in gene expression and metabolite secretion, enabling to define major/accessory polysaccharide utilization loci, reconstruct the complete degradation pathways for each polysaccharide, as well as identify temporal phenotypes in other relevant traits. FT-ICR-MS revealed a distinct suite of secreted metabolites for each growth phase, with pyrroloquinoline quinone exclusively produced with alginate/pectin. The finding of substrate-unique phenotypes indicates an exquisite adaptation to polysaccharide utilization with probable relevance for the degradation of macroalgal biomass, which comprises a complex mix of polysaccharides. Moreover, substrate-unique exometabolomes possibly influence metabolic interactions with other community members. Overall, the presence of fine-tuned genetic machineries for polysaccharide degradation and the widespread detection of related CAZymes in global locations indicate an ecological relevance of A. macleodii in marine polysaccharide cycling and bacteria-algae interactions.
2018-08-01 | GSE107306 | GEO
Project description:The cell wall is among the first plant structures encountered by necrotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea. The composition of plant cell walls varies depending on the species, type of cell or tissue, and stage of development. Cell walls are important reservoirs of energy-rich sugars for pathogens, but also are barriers that impair colonization of host tissues. Growing fungal hyphae secrete enzymes that hydrolyze cell wall polysaccharides. Degradation of wall polysaccharides provides nutrients for the pathogen and improves the access of secreted Botrytis enzymes to all host cell wall targets and cytoplasmic constituents. Destruction of host cell walls results in tissue maceration, a hallmark of diseases caused by Botrytis. The Botrytis genome encodes 1,155 predicted carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) genes; products of 275 are potentially secreted. Transcriptome sequencing identified Botrytis CAZy genes expressed during infections of lettuce leaves, ripe tomato fruit and grape berries. On all three hosts, Botrytis expresses a common group of 229 predicted CAZy genes including 28 pectin-modifying enzymes, 21 hemicellulose-modifying proteins, 18 enzymes targeting pectin and hemicellulose side-branches, and 16 enzymes that may degrade cellulose. Pectin polysaccharides are abundant in grape and tomato cell walls, but lettuce leaf walls are predominantly hemicelluloses and cellulose. These results suggest that Botrytis targets similar wall polysaccharide networks; e.g., pectins, on leaves and fruit, but also attacks unique host wall polysaccharide substrates The diversity of the Botrytis CAZy proteins may be partly responsible for its wide host range. 3 biological replicates consisting of groups of infected tomato fruits from different plants
2014-09-24 | E-GEOD-57586 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The cell wall is among the first plant structures encountered by necrotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea. The composition of plant cell walls varies depending on the species, type of cell or tissue, and stage of development. Cell walls are important reservoirs of energy-rich sugars for pathogens, but also are barriers that impair colonization of host tissues. Growing fungal hyphae secrete enzymes that hydrolyze cell wall polysaccharides. Degradation of wall polysaccharides provides nutrients for the pathogen and improves the access of secreted Botrytis enzymes to all host cell wall targets and cytoplasmic constituents. Destruction of host cell walls results in tissue maceration, a hallmark of diseases caused by Botrytis. The Botrytis genome encodes 1,155 predicted carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) genes; products of 275 are potentially secreted. Transcriptome sequencing identified Botrytis CAZy genes expressed during infections of lettuce leaves, ripe tomato fruit and grape berries. On all three hosts, Botrytis expresses a common group of 229 predicted CAZy genes including 28 pectin-modifying enzymes, 21 hemicellulose-modifying proteins, 18 enzymes targeting pectin and hemicellulose side-branches, and 16 enzymes that may degrade cellulose. Pectin polysaccharides are abundant in grape and tomato cell walls, but lettuce leaf walls are predominantly hemicelluloses and cellulose. These results suggest that Botrytis targets similar wall polysaccharide networks; e.g., pectins, on leaves and fruit, but also attacks unique host wall polysaccharide substrates The diversity of the Botrytis CAZy proteins may be partly responsible for its wide host range. 4 biological replicates consisting of groups of infected berries from different plants
2014-09-24 | E-GEOD-57587 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Primary cell wall (PCW) in plant mainly consists of three kinds of polysaccharides, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Although many genes encoding a variety of enzymes involved in synthesis, degradation, or modification of the PCW-related polysaccharides have been reported, regulation on expression of these PCW-related genes during PCW formation is still not fully understood. In this study, expression changes of PCW-related genes were analyzed during PCW regeneration in protoplasts. We used microarrays to reveal the global gene expression response against primary cell wall integrity stress during the primary cell wall regeneration in protoplasts.
2017-02-01 | GSE94348 | GEO
Project description:The cell wall is among the first plant structures encountered by necrotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea. The composition of plant cell walls varies depending on the species, type of cell or tissue, and stage of development. Cell walls are important reservoirs of energy-rich sugars for pathogens, but also are barriers that impair colonization of host tissues. Growing fungal hyphae secrete enzymes that hydrolyze cell wall polysaccharides. Degradation of wall polysaccharides provides nutrients for the pathogen and improves the access of secreted Botrytis enzymes to all host cell wall targets and cytoplasmic constituents. Destruction of host cell walls results in tissue maceration, a hallmark of diseases caused by Botrytis. The Botrytis genome encodes 1,155 predicted carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) genes; products of 275 are potentially secreted. Transcriptome sequencing identified Botrytis CAZy genes expressed during infections of lettuce leaves, ripe tomato fruit and grape berries. On all three hosts, Botrytis expresses a common group of 229 predicted CAZy genes including 28 pectin-modifying enzymes, 21 hemicellulose-modifying proteins, 18 enzymes targeting pectin and hemicellulose side-branches, and 16 enzymes that may degrade cellulose. Pectin polysaccharides are abundant in grape and tomato cell walls, but lettuce leaf walls are predominantly hemicelluloses and cellulose. These results suggest that Botrytis targets similar wall polysaccharide networks; e.g., pectins, on leaves and fruit, but also attacks unique host wall polysaccharide substrates The diversity of the Botrytis CAZy proteins may be partly responsible for its wide host range.
2014-09-24 | GSE57587 | GEO
Project description:The cell wall is among the first plant structures encountered by necrotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea. The composition of plant cell walls varies depending on the species, type of cell or tissue, and stage of development. Cell walls are important reservoirs of energy-rich sugars for pathogens, but also are barriers that impair colonization of host tissues. Growing fungal hyphae secrete enzymes that hydrolyze cell wall polysaccharides. Degradation of wall polysaccharides provides nutrients for the pathogen and improves the access of secreted Botrytis enzymes to all host cell wall targets and cytoplasmic constituents. Destruction of host cell walls results in tissue maceration, a hallmark of diseases caused by Botrytis. The Botrytis genome encodes 1,155 predicted carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) genes; products of 275 are potentially secreted. Transcriptome sequencing identified Botrytis CAZy genes expressed during infections of lettuce leaves, ripe tomato fruit and grape berries. On all three hosts, Botrytis expresses a common group of 229 predicted CAZy genes including 28 pectin-modifying enzymes, 21 hemicellulose-modifying proteins, 18 enzymes targeting pectin and hemicellulose side-branches, and 16 enzymes that may degrade cellulose. Pectin polysaccharides are abundant in grape and tomato cell walls, but lettuce leaf walls are predominantly hemicelluloses and cellulose. These results suggest that Botrytis targets similar wall polysaccharide networks; e.g., pectins, on leaves and fruit, but also attacks unique host wall polysaccharide substrates The diversity of the Botrytis CAZy proteins may be partly responsible for its wide host range.
2014-09-24 | GSE57586 | GEO