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Facilitates chromatin transcription complex is a marker and target of aggressive cancers with lower survival rates

ABSTRACT: The Facilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) is involved in chromatin remodeling during transcription, replication and DNA repair and is considered to be an ubiquitously expressed complex that has no known associations with any disease. However, we discovered that FACT is expressed in very limited number of cells of adult mammalian organism, mostly presented by stem and undifferentiated cells. Here, we show that FACT is present in poorly differentiated aggressive cancers with an overall low survival rate. FACT acts as an "accelerator" of tumor transformation. It cannot drive transformation like an oncogene, but it increases the efficiency of oncogene-induced transformation. FACT expressing cancer cells cannot grow in the absence of FACT possibly due to the FACT involvement in selective chromatin remodeling of genes that stimulate proliferation, inhibit cell death and differentiation and that are induced in response to cell stress. We propose that FACT is a marker of an aggressive cancer phenotype and Patients with FACT-positive tumors are noted for an overall poorer survival rate. FACT expression in primary tumors may be used as a predictor of metastatic disease. FACT may also be used as a target of anti-cancer therapy because tumor cells expressing FACT are dependent on FACT function, while normal cells either do not express FACT or are not sensitive to FACT inhibition.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE45393 | GEO | 2013/03/22

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA193690

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Facilitates chromatin transcription complex is a marker and target of aggressive cancers with lower survival rates

Project description:The Facilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) is involved in chromatin remodeling during transcription, replication and DNA repair and is considered to be an ubiquitously expressed complex that has no known associations with any disease. However, we discovered that FACT is expressed in very limited number of cells of adult mammalian organism, mostly presented by stem and undifferentiated cells. Here, we show that FACT is present in poorly differentiated aggressive cancers with an overall low survival rate. FACT acts as an "accelerator" of tumor transformation. It cannot drive transformation like an oncogene, but it increases the efficiency of oncogene-induced transformation. FACT expressing cancer cells cannot grow in the absence of FACT possibly due to the FACT involvement in selective chromatin remodeling of genes that stimulate proliferation, inhibit cell death and differentiation and that are induced in response to cell stress. We propose that FACT is a marker of an aggressive cancer phenotype and Patients with FACT-positive tumors are noted for an overall poorer survival rate. FACT expression in primary tumors may be used as a predictor of metastatic disease. FACT may also be used as a target of anti-cancer therapy because tumor cells expressing FACT are dependent on FACT function, while normal cells either do not express FACT or are not sensitive to FACT inhibition. Examination of AR binding sites of 3 replicates of untreated cells and 3 replicates of curaxin-treated cells, each with 3 replicate controls

2013-03-22 | E-GEOD-45393 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Transformation-induced stress at telomeres is counteracted through changes in the telomeric proteome including SAMHD1

Project description:Telomeres play crucial roles during tumorigenesis inducing cellular senescence upon telomere shortening and extensive chromosome instability during telomere crisis. However, it has not been investigated if and how cellular transformation and oncogenic stress alters telomeric chromatin composition and function. Here we transform human fibroblasts by consecutive transduction with vectors expressing hTERT, the SV40 early region and activated H-RasV12. Pairwise comparisons of the telomeric proteome during different stages of transformation reveals upregulation of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, DNA repair and replication at chromosome ends. Depletion of several of these proteins induces telomere fragility indicating their roles in replication of telomeric DNA. Depletion of SAMHD1, which has reported roles in DNA resection and homology directed repair, leads to telomere breakage events in cells deprived of the shelterin component TRF1. Thus our analysis identifies factors, which accumulate at telomeres during cellular transformation to promote telomere replication and repair, resisting oncogene-borne telomere replication stress.

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Pyruvate facilitates FACT-mediated γH2AX loading to chromatin and promotes the radiation resistance of glioblastoma

Project description:DNA repair confers the resistance of tumor cells to DNA-damaging anticancer therapies, while how reprogrammed metabolism in tumor cells contributes to such process remains poorly understood. Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and regulates the last rate-limiting step of glycolysis. Here we show that the glycolytic metabolite pyruvate enhances the repair of damaged DNA by facilitating chromatin loading of γH2AX, thereby promoting the radiation resistance of glioma cells. Mechanistically, PKM2 is phosphorylated at serine (S) 222 upon DNA damage and interacts with FACT complex, a histone chaperone comprising SPT16 and SSRP1 subunit. The pyruvate produced by PKM2 in the PKM2/FACT complex directly binds to SSRP1, which increases the association of FACT complex with γH2AX and subsequently facilitates FACT-mediated chromatin loading of γH2AX, ultimately promoting DNA repair and tumor cell survival. Intriguingly, the supplementation of exogenous pyruvate can also sufficiently enhance FACT-mediated chromatin loading of γH2AX and promotes tumor cell survival upon DNA damage. The levels of PKM2 S222 phosphorylation correlate with the malignancy and prognosis of human glioblastoma. Our finding demonstrates a novel mechanism by which PKM2-produced pyruvate promotes DNA repair by regulating γH2AX loading to chromatin and establishes a critical role of this mechanism in glioblastoma radiation resistance.

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Level of FACT defines the transcriptional landscape and aggressive phenotype of breast cancer cells

Project description:FACT inhibition, via small molecule or shRNA, lead to reduced growth and viability of all BrCa cells tested. Phenotypic changes were more severe in high FACT cells (death or growth arrest) than in low FACT cells (decreased proliferation). Though inhibition had no effect on the rate of general transcription, expression of individual genes was changed in a cell-specific manner. Initially distinct transcriptional profiles of BrCa cells became almost identical via equalizing FACT expression. We found that in “high-FACT” cells FACT supports expression of genes involved in the regulation of cell cycle, DNA replication, maintenance of undifferentiated cell state and regulated by the activity of proto-oncogenes, such as Hras, cMyc, E2F family ets. In “low-FACT” cells presence of FACT reduces expression of genes coding enzymes of steroid metabolism characteristic for the differentiated mammary epithelia. Inhibition of FACT leads to the shift from more aggressive transcriptional program to more benign, accompanied with similar type of phenotypical changes. Thus we propose FACT as a marker to predict aggressiveness of BrCa and as a target to either kill aggressive BrCa cells or to convert them to a less aggressive phenotype.

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| PRJNA548384 | ENA

Prevention of chromatin destabilization by FACT is crucial for malignant transformation [gene expression]

Project description:Histone chaperone FACT is commonly expressed and essential for the viability of transformed but not normal cells and its expression levels correlate with poor prognosis in cancer patients. FACT binds several components of nucleosomes and has been viewed as a factor destabilizing nucleosomes to facilitate RNA polymerase passage. To connect FACT’s role in transcription with the viability of tumor cells, we analyzed genome-wide FACT binding to chromatin in conjunction with transcription in mouse and human cells with different degrees of FACT dependence. While genomic distribution and density of FACT correlated with the intensity of transcription, FACT knockout or knockdown was unexpectedly accompanied by the elevation, rather than suppression, of transcription and with the destabilization of chromatin. These data suggest that the real function of FACT is to stabilize and reassemble nucleosomes disturbed by transcription. This function is apparently vital for tumor cells because malignant transformation is accompanied by chromatin destabilization.

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Prevention of chromatin destabilization by FACT is crucial for malignant transformation

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