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PACAP dependency of genes regulated in ischemia

ABSTRACT: We investigated the effects of PACAP treatment, and endogenous PACAP deficiency, on infarct volume, neurological function, and the cerebrocortical transcriptional response in a mouse model of stroke, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). PACAP-38 administered i.v. or i.c.v. one hour after MCAO significantly reduced infarct volume, and ameliorated functional motor deficits measured 24 hours later in wild-type mice. Infarct volumes and neurological deficits (walking faults) were both greater in PACAP-deficient than in wild-type mice, but treatment with PACAP reduced lesion volume and neurological deficits in PACAP-deficient mice to the same level of improvement as in wild-type mice. A 35,546-clone mouse cDNA microarray was used to investigate cortical transcriptional changes associated with cerebral ischemia in wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice, and with PACAP treatment after MCAO in wild-type mice. 229 known (named) transcripts were increased (228) or decreased (1) in abundance at least 50% following cerebral ischemia in wild-type mice. 49 transcripts were significantly up-regulated only at one hour post-MCAO (acute response transcripts), 142 were up-regulated only at 24 hours post-MCAO (delayed response transcripts) and 37 transcripts were up-regulated at both times (sustained response transcripts). More than 50% of these are transcripts not previously reported to be associated with brain ischemia responses. Many of the acutely regulated neurotrauma-associated transcripts, but a larger percentage of the delayed ones, require endogenous PACAP for up-regulation by ischemia, suggesting a more prominent role for PACAP in later response to injury than in the initial response, and consistent with a neuroprotective role for PACAP in late response to injury and neuroprotective efficacy when given post-MCAO. Putative injury effector transcripts regulated by PACAP include ãÑ-actin, midline 2, and metallothionein 1. Potential neuroprotective transcripts include several demonstrated to be PACAP-regulated in other contexts. Prominent among these were transcripts encoding the PACAP-regulated gene Ier3, and the neuropeptides enkephalin, substance P (tachykinin 1), and neurotensin. Keywords: transcript identification design

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE5902 | GEO | 2006/10/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA97331

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:We investigated the effects of PACAP treatment, and endogenous PACAP deficiency, on infarct volume, neurological function, and the cerebrocortical transcriptional response in a mouse model of stroke, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). PACAP-38 administered i.v. or i.c.v. one hour after MCAO significantly reduced infarct volume, and ameliorated functional motor deficits measured 24 hours later in wild-type mice. Infarct volumes and neurological deficits (walking faults) were both greater in PACAP-deficient than in wild-type mice, but treatment with PACAP reduced lesion volume and neurological deficits in PACAP-deficient mice to the same level of improvement as in wild-type mice. A 35,546-clone mouse cDNA microarray was used to investigate cortical transcriptional changes associated with cerebral ischemia in wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice, and with PACAP treatment after MCAO in wild-type mice. 229 known (named) transcripts were increased (228) or decreased (1) in abundance at least 50% following cerebral ischemia in wild-type mice. 49 transcripts were significantly up-regulated only at one hour post-MCAO (acute response transcripts), 142 were up-regulated only at 24 hours post-MCAO (delayed response transcripts) and 37 transcripts were up-regulated at both times (sustained response transcripts). More than 50% of these are transcripts not previously reported to be associated with brain ischemia responses. Many of the acutely regulated neurotrauma-associated transcripts, but a larger percentage of the delayed ones, require endogenous PACAP for up-regulation by ischemia, suggesting a more prominent role for PACAP in later response to injury than in the initial response, and consistent with a neuroprotective role for PACAP in late response to injury and neuroprotective efficacy when given post-MCAO. Putative injury effector transcripts regulated by PACAP include Ã£Ã-actin, midline 2, and metallothionein 1. Potential neuroprotective transcripts include several demonstrated to be PACAP-regulated in other contexts. Prominent among these were transcripts encoding the PACAP-regulated gene Ier3, and the neuropeptides enkephalin, substance P (tachykinin 1), and neurotensin. In the hybridization method employed, equal amounts (2-5Ã£Ãg/15.5 Ã£Ãl) of total RNA obtained from brain tissue of different experimental groups were separately labeled with two different fluorescent dyes (Cy3 or Cy5) and applied on the same NIMH Mouse 36K cDNA microarray chip containing 13217 distinct Entrez gene IDs (formerly known as LocusLink) and 15888 distinct unigene IDs, the remainders are incompletely annotated IMAGE clones. Probe preparation and hybridization were performed as follows. The total RNA (15-50 Ã£Ãg in 15.5 Ã£Ãl) was incubated with amine-modified random primer (2 Ã£Ãg/Ã£Ãl, 2 Ã£Ãl) and RNase inhibitor (5 units/Ã£Ãl, 1 Ã£Ãl) at 70 Ã¤aC for 10 min. Primer-RNA solution was then incubated at 42 Ã¤aC for 2 hr with the reverse transcriptase mix containing 5X first-strand buffer, 50X aa-dUTP/dNTPs (25 mM dATP, 25 mM dGTP, 25 mM dCTP, 15 mM dTTP and 10 mM aminoallyl dUTP), 0.1 M DDT, and Superscript II reverse transcriptase. The cDNA were labeled with NHS-ester Cy3 or Cy5 dye in the presence of 1 M sodium bicarbonate. Array slides placed in a hybridization chamber (Corning, Corning, NY) were incubated at 42 Ã¤aC for 16-24 hr, and successively washed with 0.5X SSC, 0.01% SDS, and 0.06X SSC at room temperature for 10 min each. Arrays were scanned with a GenePix 4000A scanner (Axon, Foster City, CA), and the resulting images were analyzed using IPlab (Fairfax, VA) and a FileMaker Pro 5 (Santa Clara, CA) relational database designed by Zedong Chen, NHGRI. Following background subtraction and normalization, a calculated ratio of Cy3 to Cy5 signal intensities was used to define the relative increase or decrease of a particular transcript. Ratios were calculated only from those spots with a combined ratio quality above 0.3.

Project description:Astrogliosis is a hallmark of the response to brain ischemia, comprised of changes in gene expression and morphology. Hsp72 protects from cerebral ischemia, and although several mechanisms of protection have been investigated, effects on astrocyte activation are unknown. To identify potential mechanisms of protection, gene expression was assessed in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery (MCAO) or sham surgery, of either wildtype (WT) or Hsp72-overexpressing (Hsp72Tg) mice. After stroke, both genotypes exhibited genes related to cell death, stress response, and immune response. Furthermore, genes indicative of astrocyte activation, including cytoskeletal proteins and cytokines, were upregulated. To measure astrocyte activation after stroke, detailed histological and morphological analyses were performed in the cortical penumbra after stroke using unbiased stereology. Consistent with other reports, we observed a marked and persistent increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP ) as soon as 3 hours after MCAO. In contrast, vimentin immunoreactivity appeared 12-24 hours after stroke, peaked at 72 hours, and returned to baseline after 30 days. Surprisingly, no change in overall astrocyte number was observed based on glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactivity. To determine if Hsp72Tg mice exhibited altered astrocyte activation compared to WT controls, morphological evaluation by fractal analysis was used. Overexpression of Hsp72 reduced astrocyte cell area, arbor area, and to a lesser extent fractal dimension, 72 hours following stroke. In conclusion, in vivo overexpression of Hsp72 alters gene expression following stroke, including genes involved in astrocyte activation, and decreases astrocyte activation acutely following MCAO. Thus, modulation of astrogliosis may be a neuroprotective mechanism exerted by Hsp72 after ischemia. A total of 10 samples were analyzed, with 5 of each genotype, wildtype (WT) and Hsp72-overexpressing (Hsp72Tg) mice. Of the 5 in each group, 3 received middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 2 received a sham surgery. The sham samples serve as the controls for the MCAO samples in each genotype. All samples were taken from the ischemic or control hemisphere 24 hours after surgery.

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PACAP dependency of genes regulated in ischemia

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