Genome-wide shRNA screen to identify cellular regulators of the maintenance of HIV-1 latency
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE59758 | GEO | 2016/07/14
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA256145
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:HIV-1 infects lymphoid and myeloid cells, which can harbor a latent proviral reservoir responsible for maintaining lifelong infection. Glycolytic metabolism has been identified as a determinant of susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, but its role in the development and maintenance of HIV-1 latency has not been elucidated. By combining transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analysis, we here show that transition to latent HIV-1 infection downregulates glycolysis, while viral reactivation by conventional stimuli reverts this effect. Decreased glycolytic output in latently infected cells is associated with downregulation of NAD+/NADH. Consequently, infected cells rely on the parallel pentose phosphate pathway and its main product, the antioxidant NADPH, fueling antioxidant pathways maintaining HIV-1 latency. Of note, blocking NADPH downstream effectors, thioredoxin and glutathione, favors HIV-1 reactivation from latency in lymphoid and myeloid cellular models. This provides a “shock and kill effect” decreasing proviral DNA in cells from people-living-with-HIV/AIDS. Overall, our data show that downmodulation of glycolysis is a metabolic signature of HIV-1 latency that can be exploited to target latently infected cells with eradication strategies.
2021-06-16 | GSE163979 | GEO
Project description:Resting CD4+ T cells that are both persistent and latently infected with HIV represent the most important challenge to HIV eradication. Estimates indicate the need for >70 years of continuous, fully suppressive, antiretroviral therapy (ART) to eliminate the HIV reservoir. Alternatively, induction of HIV from its latent state could accelerate the decline of the reservoir, thereby shortening the time to eradication. Previous attempts to reactivate latent HIV in preclinical animal models and in clinical trials have measured HIV induction in peripheral blood with minimal focus on tissue reservoirs and had limited effect. We found that activation of the non-canonical NF-B signaling pathway via AZD5582 results in induction of HIV- and SIV-RNA expression in the blood and tissues of ART-suppressed humanized mice and rhesus macaques. Analysis of resting CD4+ T cells from tissues after AZD55852 treatment revealed increased SIV-RNA in lymph nodes in macaques and robust induction of HIV in virtually all tissues analyzed in humanized mice including lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, liver, and lung. This promising new approach to latency reversal, in combination with the appropriate tools for systemic clearance of persistent HIV infection, greatly increases opportunities for HIV eradication.
2020-01-07 | GSE141546 | GEO
Project description:The barrier to HIV-1 functional cure is caused by a small pool of latently infected resting CD4 T-cells that persist under antiretroviral therapy. Notably this latent reservoir of infected cells will produce replication-competent infectious virus once prolonged suppressive HAART is withdrawn. The reactivation of HIV-1 gene expression in T-cells harboring latent provirus in HIV-1 patients under HAART will likely result in depletion of this latent reservoir due to cytopathic effects and immune clearance. Many studies have investigated small molecules that reactivate HIV-1 gene expression but to date no latency reversal agent (LRA) has been identified to be specific, non-toxic, and effective in primary T-cells isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals undergoing long-term HAART. Stochastic fluctuations in HIV-1 tat gene expression have been attributed to be essential in the viral progression to latency. We hypothesized that exposing Tat to latently infected CD4 T-cells will result in potent latency reversal. Our results indicate the capacity of an engineered Tat to reactivate HIV-1 in latently infected cells from patients to a similar degree as the protein kinase C agonist PMA (Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate) while showing no T-cell activation nor any significant transcriptome perturbation in primary CD4 T-cells.
2023-09-05 | GSE235229 | GEO
Project description:Background: The cellular reservoir of latent HIV infection remains the main barrier to cure this virus. Elimination of this reservoir would be possible, if molecular identity of latently infected cells were fully elucidated. Biomarkers proposed previously were able to capture only a relatively small fraction of all reservoir cells. In the present study, we set out to conduct comprehensive molecular profiling, at the protein and RNA levels, of CD4+ T cells latently infected with HIV in vitro, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), respectively. Protein-based methods such as quantitative proteomic profiling using LC-MS may be more beneficial due to direct transferability of results to antibody-based approaches to capture latently infected cells. Integrated analysis of proteomic and transcriptomic data adds a level of validation and increases confidence in identified biomarkers. Flow cytometry and integrated HIV DNA assay were further used to enrich for latently infected cells with antibodies against selected biomarker proteins. Results: Using quantitative proteomics, we identified a total of 10,886 proteins (peptide level FDR < 0.05), of which 673 were up- and 780 down-regulated in latently infected compared to mock-infected cells in vitro (p < 0.05). Among these proteins, 21 were dysregulated at the RNA level in the same direction. Pathway analysis identified p53, mTOR, Wnt and NOTCH signaling, demonstrating that our in vitro model reflects known mechanisms of latency establishment and maintenance. Comparison of identified proteins with other proteomics studies revealed that identified molecular signatures of latency depend on technology and cell types used; however, a subset of proteins were identified both in the present, and at least one other study. Antibodies against selected protein markers, CEACAM1 and PLXNB2, could enrich for latently infected cells from mixed cell population 3-10 fold (5.8 fold average, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Two new molecules, CEACAM1 and PLXNB2, were identified as biomarkers for HIV latency. However, the level of enrichment for latently infected cells compared to biomarkers proposed previously was not improved. These results are consistent with the idea that each proposed biomarker defines only a subset of latently infected cells, and that a combined biomarker will be required to capture or target the latent HIV reservoir represented by different cell types.
2023-10-24 | PXD024014 | Pride
Project description:Deciphering the mechanisms underlying viral persistence is critical to achieving a cure for HIV infection. Here, we implement a systems approach to discover molecular signatures of HIV latently-infected CD4+ T cells, identifying the immunosuppressive, adenosine-producing ectonucleotidase CD73 as a key surface marker of latent cells. Hypoxic conditioning, reflecting the lymphoid tissue microenvironment, increases the frequency of CD73+ CD4+ T cells and promotes HIV latency. Transcriptomic profiles of CD73+ CD4+ T cells favor viral quiescence, immune evasion, and cell survival. CD73+ CD4+ T cells are capable of harboring a functional HIV reservoir and reinitiating productive infection ex vivo. CD73 or adenosine receptor blockade facilitates latent HIV reactivation in vitro, mechanistically linking adenosine signaling to viral quiescence. Finally, tissue imaging of lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy reveals spatial association between CD73 expression and HIV persistence in vivo. Our findings warrant development of HIV cure strategies targeting the hypoxia-CD73-adenosine axis.
2023-09-24 | GSE243577 | GEO
Project description:Deciphering the mechanisms underlying viral persistence is critical to achieving a cure for HIV infection. Here, we implement a systems approach to discover molecular signatures of HIV latently-infected CD4+ T cells, identifying the immunosuppressive, adenosine-producing ectonucleotidase CD73 as a key surface marker of latent cells. Hypoxic conditioning, reflecting the lymphoid tissue microenvironment, increases the frequency of CD73+ CD4+ T cells and promotes HIV latency. Transcriptomic profiles of CD73+ CD4+ T cells favor viral quiescence, immune evasion, and cell survival. CD73+ CD4+ T cells are capable of harboring a functional HIV reservoir and reinitiating productive infection ex vivo. CD73 or adenosine receptor blockade facilitates latent HIV reactivation in vitro, mechanistically linking adenosine signaling to viral quiescence. Finally, tissue imaging of lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy reveals spatial association between CD73 expression and HIV persistence in vivo. Our findings warrant development of HIV cure strategies targeting the hypoxia-CD73-adenosine axis.
2023-09-28 | GSE244190 | GEO
Project description:Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy, HIV cannot be cured because of a reservoir of latently infected cells that evades therapy. To understand the mechanisms of HIV latency, we employed an integrated single-cell RNA-seq/ATAC-seq approach to simultaneously profile the transcriptomic and epigenomic characteristics of ~125,000 latently infected primary CD4 cells after reactivation using three different latency-reversing agents.
2023-12-28 | GSE242997 | GEO
Project description:Latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are a major barrier to HIV cure. Understanding how latency is established, maintained and reversed is critical to identifying novel strategies to eliminate latently infected cells. We demonstrate here that co-culture of resting CD4+ T cells and syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) can dramatically increase the frequency of HIV DNA integration and latent HIV infection in non-proliferating memory, but not naïve, CD4+ T cells. Gene expression in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells, enriched for latent infection, showed significant changes in the expression of genes involved in cellular activation and interferon regulated pathways, including the down-regulation of genes controlling both NF-κB and cell cycle. We conclude that mDC play a key role in the establishment of HIV latency in resting memory CD4+ T cells, which is predominantly mediated through signalling during DC-T cell contact.
2014-11-01 | GSE52344 | GEO
Project description:Latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are a major barrier to HIV cure. Understanding how latency is established, maintained and reversed is critical to identifying novel strategies to eliminate latently infected cells. We demonstrate here that co-culture of resting CD4+ T cells and syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) can dramatically increase the frequency of HIV DNA integration and latent HIV infection in non-proliferating memory, but not naïve, CD4+ T cells. Gene expression in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells, enriched for latent infection, showed significant changes in the expression of genes involved in cellular activation and interferon regulated pathways, including the down-regulation of genes controlling both NF-κB and cell cycle. We conclude that mDC play a key role in the establishment of HIV latency in resting memory CD4+ T cells, which is predominantly mediated through signalling during DC-T cell contact. Resting (CD69-CD25-HLA-DR-) CD4+ T cells were enriched from the blood of 4 normal donors by magnetic bead depletion and labelled with the proliferation dye SNARF. SNARFhiEGFP- CD4+ T cells cultured with (+DC) or without syngeneic bulk DC (lin-HLA-DR+), in the presence (HIV T) or absence (Mock T) of HIV, were sorted 5 days following infection with NL(AD8)-nef/EGFP (MOI 5).Culture media was supplemented with 10ng/mL of IL-7. The gene expression profile of the 4 cell populations: 1. HIV T (+DC); 2. Mock T (+DC); 3. HIV T; and 4. Mock T, was determined.
2014-11-01 | E-GEOD-52344 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:HIV-1 infected patients virally suppressed by antiviral treatment harbor a persistent reservoir of replication competent latent HIV-1 infected cells, which constitute the main roadblock to a cure. A main strategy for HIV cure aims to stimulate viral gene expression in latently infected cells so that they can be cleared. Crucial for the design of drugs referred to as “latency-reversing agents” (LRAs) is the identification of molecular targets for latency reversal. The regulatory factors physically associated with and repressing the latent HIV-1 promoter or 5’LTR would provide ideal putative molecular targets for latency reversal. However, due to technical limitations, the comprehensive and unbiased identification of host proteins associated with the latent or active integrated HIV LTR in infected cells not been possible. Here we use dCas9 targeted chromatin and histone enrichment strategy coupled to mass spectrometry (Catchet-MS), to purify the locus-associated dCas9 bait, guided downstream of the HIV-1 transcriptional start site (TSS) in latent and activated HIV-1 infected T cells to identify the 5’LTR bound latent and active regulatory complexes. Catchet-MS identified both previously described as well as novel host factors distinctly associated with the latent versus transcriptionally active HIV-1 5’LTR. Within the identified factors we find the transcription factor IKZF1 to be a novel repressor of the HIV-1 promoter required for maintenance of latency, and thus a molecular target for latency reversal. Finally, we identify the FDA approved drug, Iberdomide, which targets IKZF1 for degradation to be a novel LRA, which reversed latency in latent ex vivo HIV-1 infected primary CD4+ T cells and in cells isolated from HIV-1 infected, aviremic participants.
2022-05-31 | PXD032975 | Pride