Analysis of an artificial zinc finger epigenetic modulator: widespread binding but limited regulation
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE59980 | GEO | 2014/08/01
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA257209
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Artificial transcription factors (ATFs) and genomic nucleases based on a DNA binding platform consist- ing of multiple zinc finger domains are currently be- ing developed for clinical applications. However, no genome-wide investigations into their binding speci- ficity have been performed. We have created six- finger ATFs to target two different 18 nt regions of the human SOX2 promoter; each ATF is constructed such that it contains or lacks a super KRAB do- main (SKD) that interacts with a complex contain- ing repressive histone methyltransferases. ChIP-seq analysis of the effector-free ATFs in MCF7 breast cancer cells identified thousands of binding sites, mostly in promoter regions; the addition of an SKD domain increased the number of binding sites M-bM-^HM-<5- fold, with a majority of the new sites located out- side of promoters. De novo motif analyses suggest that the lack of binding specificity is due to sub- sets of the finger domains being used for genomic interactions. Although the ATFs display widespread binding, few genes showed expression differences; genes repressed by the ATF-SKD have stronger bind- ing sites and are more enriched for a 12 nt motif. Interestingly, epigenetic analyses indicate that the transcriptional repression caused by the ATF-SKD is not due to changes in active histone modifications. ATF plasmids were designed and stably integrated into MCF7 cells as described in (Stolzenburg et al. 2012). Stable lines were grown at 30M-bM-^@M-^S80% confluency in DulbeccoM-bM-^@M-^Ys Modified EagleM-bM-^@M-^Ys Medium (Corning, Corning, NY) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin; cells were selected using 5 M-BM-5g/ml puromycin (VWR, Radnor, PA) and 200 M-BM-5g/ml G418 (VWR, Radnor, PA). ATF expression was induced by treatment with media containing 1M-BM-5g/ml doxycycline (VWR, Radnor, PA) at 0 h, doxycycline media was refreshed at 48 h, and cells were harvested at 72 h. ATF expression was confirmed by hemagglutinin (HA) tag western blot prior to HA ChIP-seq, histone ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis. For HA-tag ChIP-seq, stable MCF7 cell lines were induced using 100 ng/ml doxycycline (Sigma) at 0 h, doxycycline media was refreshed at 48 h, and cells were harvested at 72 h by crosslinking in a final concentration of 1% formaldehyde. Crosslinking was stopped after 5 min by adding glycine to a final concentration of 125 mM. Crosslinked cells were washed in cold phosphate buffered saline, lysed using 1 mL low-salt IP buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 5 mM EDTA, NP-40 (0.5%), Triton X-100 (1%) containing protease inhibitors) and aliquoted at 1 M-CM-^W 10M-bM-^HM-'7 cells/mL. Cells are then sonicated to a fragment size range of 500M-bM-^@M-^S800 bp. Samples were then diluted in 1 mL low-salt buffer and incubated with 3 M-BM-5L of anti-HA antibody (Covance, Princeton, NJ). Three-hundred microliter Sepharose A beads (GE Healthcare Life Science) were used for pull-down. Samples were sequenced at the UNC-CH Genome Analysis Facil- ity (Chapel Hill, NC) on an HiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA) to read counts of 4.1M-bM-^@M-^S67.3 M total reads. For histone ChIP-seq, antibodies to H3K4me3 (Cell Signaling Tech- nologies CST9751), H3K9Ac (Cell Signaling Technologies CST9649) and H3K9me3 (Diagenode pAb-056-050) were used; samples were prepared as previously described (OM-bM-^@M-^YGeen et al. 2011).
2014-08-01 | E-GEOD-59980 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Half of all human transcription factors use C2H2 zinc finger domains to specify site-specific DNA binding and yet very little is known about their role in gene regulation. Based on in vitro studies, a zinc finger code has been developed that predicts a binding motif for a particular zinc finger factor (ZNF). However, very few studies have performed genome-wide analyses of ZNF binding patterns and thus it is not clear if the binding code developed in vitro will be useful for identifying target genes of a particular ZNF. We performed genome-wide ChIP-seq for ZNF263, a C2H2 ZNF that contains 9 finger domains, a KRAB repression domain, and a SCAN domain and identified more than 5000 binding sites in K562 cells. Our results suggest that ZNF263 binds to a 24 nt site which differs from the motif predicted by the zinc finger code in several positions. Interestingly, many of the ZNF263 binding sites are located within the transcribed region of the target gene. Although ZNFs containing a KRAB domain are thought to function mainly as transcriptional repressors, many of the ZNF263 target genes are expressed at high levels. To address the biological role of ZNF263, we identified genes whose expression was altered by treatment of cells with ZNF263-specific siRNAs. Our results suggest that ZNF263 can have both positive and negative effects on transcriptional regulation of its target genes. For data usage terms and conditions, please refer to http://www.genome.gov/27528022 and http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/ENCODE/ENCODEDataReleasePolicyFinal2008.pdf Examination of ZNF263 ChIP-seq in K562 cells.
2009-12-03 | E-GEOD-19235 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Several MYST-family histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes associate with specific ING tumor suppressor proteins. ING complexes containing the HBO1 HAT protein are the major source of histone H4 acetylation in vivo and have been shown to play critical roles in gene regulation and DNA replication. Here, we present a molecular dissection of HBO1/ING HAT complexes that unravels the protein domains required for complex assembly and function. A distinctive characteristic of ING HAT complexes is the presence of multiple PHD finger domains in different subunits. Biochemical and functional analysis of these domains indicate that they interact with histone H3 N-terminal tail region but with different specificity towards the methylation status of lysine 4. They play essential and intricate role in regulating binding to chromatin and substrate specificity. This is achieved in part through expression of subunit isoforms controlling which PHD fingers are present in the complex. Importantly, localization analysis on the human genome indicate that HBO1 complexes are enriched throughout the coding region of genes, supporting a role in transcription elongation. These results also underline the importance and versatility of PHD finger domains in regulating chromatin association and trans-histone acetylation specificity within a single protein complex. ChIP-chip of FLAG-JADE1 +/- doxorubicin treatment in Hela cells
2010-05-14 | E-GEOD-14309 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Half of all human transcription factors use C2H2 zinc finger domains to specify site-specific DNA binding and yet very little is known about their role in gene regulation. Based on in vitro studies, a zinc finger code has been developed that predicts a binding motif for a particular zinc finger factor (ZNF). However, very few studies have performed genome-wide analyses of ZNF binding patterns and thus it is not clear if the binding code developed in vitro will be useful for identifying target genes of a particular ZNF. We performed genome-wide ChIP-seq for ZNF263, a C2H2 ZNF that contains 9 finger domains, a KRAB repression domain, and a SCAN domain and identified more than 5000 binding sites in K562 cells. Our results suggest that ZNF263 binds to a 24 nt site which differs from the motif predicted by the zinc finger code in several positions. Interestingly, many of the ZNF263 binding sites are located within the transcribed region of the target gene. Although ZNFs containing a KRAB domain are thought to function mainly as transcriptional repressors, many of the ZNF263 target genes are expressed at high levels. To address the biological role of ZNF263, we identified genes whose expression was altered by treatment of cells with ZNF263-specific siRNAs. Our results suggest that ZNF263 can have both positive and negative effects on transcriptional regulation of its target genes.
2009-11-24 | GSE19146 | GEO
Project description:Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies. It is usually detected at late stages when the disease is spread through the abdominal cavity in form of ascitic fluids. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic interventions to target advanced stages of ovarian cancer, particularly metastatic disease. Mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) represents an important metastasis suppressor initially identified in breast cancer. In this work we have generated a sequence-specific zinc finger artificial transcription factor (ATF) to up-regulate the Maspin promoter in aggressive ovarian cancer cell lines, to interrogate the therapeutic potential of Maspin in ovarian cancer. We found that while Maspin was expressed in some primary ovarian tumors, the promoter was epigenetically silenced in cell lines derived from ascites. Transduction of the ATF in MOVCAR 5009 cells derived from ascitic cultures of a TgMISIIR-Tag mouse model of ovarian cancer resulted in tumor cell growth, impaired cell invasion, and severe disruption of actin cytoskeleton. Systemic delivery of lipid-protamine-RNA (LPR) nanoparticles encapsulating a chemically modified ATF mRNA resulted in inhibition of ovarian cancer cell growth in nude mice, accompanied with Maspin re-expression in the treated tumors. Finally, gene expression microarrays of ATF-transduced cells revealed an exceptional potency and specificity for the Maspin promoter. These analyses revealed targets co-regulated with Maspin in human short-term cultures derived from ascitic fluids from ovarian cancer patients, such as TSPAN12, which could mediate the anti-metastatic phenotype of the ATF. Our work outlined the first targeted, non-viral delivery of designer ATFs into tumors with potential application in clinical trials for metastatic ovarian cancers. reference X sample with 6 samples
2012-09-29 | E-GEOD-36396 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Half of all human transcription factors use C2H2 zinc finger domains to specify site-specific DNA binding and yet very little is known about their role in gene regulation. Based on in vitro studies, a zinc finger code has been developed that predicts a binding motif for a particular zinc finger factor (ZNF). However, very few studies have performed genome-wide analyses of ZNF binding patterns and thus it is not clear if the binding code developed in vitro will be useful for identifying target genes of a particular ZNF. We performed genome-wide ChIP-seq for ZNF263, a C2H2 ZNF that contains 9 finger domains, a KRAB repression domain, and a SCAN domain and identified more than 5000 binding sites in K562 cells. Our results suggest that ZNF263 binds to a 24 nt site which differs from the motif predicted by the zinc finger code in several positions. Interestingly, many of the ZNF263 binding sites are located within the transcribed region of the target gene. Although ZNFs containing a KRAB domain are thought to function mainly as transcriptional repressors, many of the ZNF263 target genes are expressed at high levels. To address the biological role of ZNF263, we identified genes whose expression was altered by treatment of cells with ZNF263-specific siRNAs. Our results suggest that ZNF263 can have both positive and negative effects on transcriptional regulation of its target genes. For data usage terms and conditions, please refer to http://www.genome.gov/27528022 and http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/ENCODE/ENCODEDataReleasePolicyFinal2008.pdf
2009-12-03 | GSE19235 | GEO
Project description:Several MYST-family histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes associate with specific ING tumor suppressor proteins. ING complexes containing the HBO1 HAT protein are the major source of histone H4 acetylation in vivo and have been shown to play critical roles in gene regulation and DNA replication. Here, we present a molecular dissection of HBO1/ING HAT complexes that unravels the protein domains required for complex assembly and function. A distinctive characteristic of ING HAT complexes is the presence of multiple PHD finger domains in different subunits. Biochemical and functional analysis of these domains indicate that they interact with histone H3 N-terminal tail region but with different specificity towards the methylation status of lysine 4. They play essential and intricate role in regulating binding to chromatin and substrate specificity. This is achieved in part through expression of subunit isoforms controlling which PHD fingers are present in the complex. Importantly, localization analysis on the human genome indicate that HBO1 complexes are enriched throughout the coding region of genes, supporting a role in transcription elongation. These results also underline the importance and versatility of PHD finger domains in regulating chromatin association and trans-histone acetylation specificity within a single protein complex.
2009-01-09 | GSE14309 | GEO
Project description:We tested various architectures of artificial transcription factors (ATFs) in HEK293 cells to test the contribution of the interaction domain, nuclear localization domain, size of DNA-binding domain, and activation domain. Then we made a genome-scale ATF library and tested it in reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Three combinations of ATFs (C2, C3, and C4) could induce pluripotency when expressed with Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. We harvested polyadenylated RNAs from 11 cell types derived with different sets of factors. The transcriptional profiles of ATF-induced iPS cells are similar to that of iPS cells induced with Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc and mouse embryonic stem cells, exhibiting up-regulation of pluripotency markers and down-regulation of fibroblast markers. Comparisons of cells undergoing reprogramming at an intermediate stage before becoming fully reprogrammed suggest that ATFs activate a different set of genes than the set activated by Oct4. This study provides a proof-of-principle that a gene-activating ATF library can be used to identify cell fate-defining transcriptional networks in an unbiased manner.
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Project description:Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies. It is usually detected at late stages when the disease is spread through the abdominal cavity in form of ascitic fluids. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic interventions to target advanced stages of ovarian cancer, particularly metastatic disease. Mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) represents an important metastasis suppressor initially identified in breast cancer. In this work we have generated a sequence-specific zinc finger artificial transcription factor (ATF) to up-regulate the Maspin promoter in aggressive ovarian cancer cell lines, to interrogate the therapeutic potential of Maspin in ovarian cancer. We found that while Maspin was expressed in some primary ovarian tumors, the promoter was epigenetically silenced in cell lines derived from ascites. Transduction of the ATF in MOVCAR 5009 cells derived from ascitic cultures of a TgMISIIR-Tag mouse model of ovarian cancer resulted in tumor cell growth, impaired cell invasion, and severe disruption of actin cytoskeleton. Systemic delivery of lipid-protamine-RNA (LPR) nanoparticles encapsulating a chemically modified ATF mRNA resulted in inhibition of ovarian cancer cell growth in nude mice, accompanied with Maspin re-expression in the treated tumors. Finally, gene expression microarrays of ATF-transduced cells revealed an exceptional potency and specificity for the Maspin promoter. These analyses revealed targets co-regulated with Maspin in human short-term cultures derived from ascitic fluids from ovarian cancer patients, such as TSPAN12, which could mediate the anti-metastatic phenotype of the ATF. Our work outlined the first targeted, non-viral delivery of designer ATFs into tumors with potential application in clinical trials for metastatic ovarian cancers.
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