Ligand-Dependent Enhancer Activation Regulated by Topoisomerase-I Activity
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE63202 | GEO | 2015/01/22
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA266983
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:The discovery that enhancers are regulated transcription units, encoding eRNAs, has raised new questions about the mechanisms of their activation. Here, we report an unexpected molecular mechanism that underlies ligand-dependent enhancer activation, based on DNA nicking to relieve torsional stress from eRNA synthesis. Using dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced binding of androgen receptor (AR) to prostate cancer cell enhancers as a model, we show rapid recruitment, within minutes, of DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1) to a large cohort of AR-regulated enhancers. Furthermore, we show that the DNA nicking activity of TOP1 is a prerequisite for robust eRNA synthesis and enhancer activation and is kinetically accompanied by the recruitment of ATR and the MRN complex, followed by additional components of DNA damage repair machinery to the AR-regulated enhancers. Together, our studies reveal a linkage between eRNA synthesis and ligand-dependent TOP1-mediated nicking - a strategy exerting quantitative effects on eRNA expression in regulating AR-bound enhancer-dependent transcriptional programs. Genome-wide binding analysis of AR, TOP1, MRE11 in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP with or without 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment. Nascent RNA analysis by global nuclear run-on (GRO-seq) in LNCaP cells transfected with siRNA with or without DHT treatment. Distribution of transcriptionally engaged RNA Pol II in LNCaP cells with or without DHT treatment by precision nuclear run-on and sequencing (PRO-seq).
2015-01-22 | E-GEOD-63202 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:While many or most signal and ligand-dependent pathways function by directing binding of specific transcription factors to large cohorts of regulatory enhancers, the possible “universal” strategies underling activation of these lorge enhancer programs by diverse signals remains poorly understood. Here, we report that ligands, exemplified by estrogen-17-b (E2), cause the recruitment of DNA-PKcs-phosphorylated KAP1 to estrogen receptor a (ERa)-bound enhancers, inhibiting its E3 SUMO ligase activity for the CDK9 subunit of P-TEFb, which permits formation of active P-TEFb required for eRNA elongation overcoming this checkpoint and permitting enhancer activation. We find that most, or all, signal and ligand enhancer activation programs similarly require the loss of SUMOligase function by phoshorylation of KAP1 to prevent Pol II pausing at regulated enhancers. This is based on activation of P-TEFb consequent to deSUMOylation of CDK9, permitting eRNA synthesis. Overcoming this checkpoint appears to be a widely, if not universally, used strategy for signal-dependent enhancer activation because similar events occur on AR and NF-kB-regulated enhancers and even following depolarization acutely-activated neuronal enhancers. This study reveals an unexpected strategy required to overcome a checkpoint common to most or all signal/ligand-regulated enhancers critical to activate broad programs of biologically-important regulatory enhancers that implement the instructions of the endocrine system.
2024-09-17 | GSE240601 | GEO
Project description:While many or most signal and ligand-dependent pathways function by directing binding of specific transcription factors to large cohorts of regulatory enhancers, the possible “universal” strategies underling activation of these lorge enhancer programs by diverse signals remains poorly understood. Here, we report that ligands, exemplified by estrogen-17-b (E2), cause the recruitment of DNA-PKcs-phosphorylated KAP1 to estrogen receptor a (ERa)-bound enhancers, inhibiting its E3 SUMO ligase activity for the CDK9 subunit of P-TEFb, which permits formation of active P-TEFb required for eRNA elongation overcoming this checkpoint and permitting enhancer activation. We find that most, or all, signal and ligand enhancer activation programs similarly require the loss of SUMOligase function by phoshorylation of KAP1 to prevent Pol II pausing at regulated enhancers. This is based on activation of P-TEFb consequent to deSUMOylation of CDK9, permitting eRNA synthesis. Overcoming this checkpoint appears to be a widely, if not universally, used strategy for signal-dependent enhancer activation because similar events occur on AR and NF-kB-regulated enhancers and even following depolarization acutely-activated neuronal enhancers. This study reveals an unexpected strategy required to overcome a checkpoint common to most or all signal/ligand-regulated enhancers critical to activate broad programs of biologically-important regulatory enhancers that implement the instructions of the endocrine system.
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Project description:While many or most signal and ligand-dependent pathways function by directing binding of specific transcription factors to large cohorts of regulatory enhancers, the possible “universal” strategies underling activation of these lorge enhancer programs by diverse signals remains poorly understood. Here, we report that ligands, exemplified by estrogen-17-b (E2), cause the recruitment of DNA-PKcs-phosphorylated KAP1 to estrogen receptor a (ERa)-bound enhancers, inhibiting its E3 SUMO ligase activity for the CDK9 subunit of P-TEFb, which permits formation of active P-TEFb required for eRNA elongation overcoming this checkpoint and permitting enhancer activation. We find that most, or all, signal and ligand enhancer activation programs similarly require the loss of SUMOligase function by phoshorylation of KAP1 to prevent Pol II pausing at regulated enhancers. This is based on activation of P-TEFb consequent to deSUMOylation of CDK9, permitting eRNA synthesis. Overcoming this checkpoint appears to be a widely, if not universally, used strategy for signal-dependent enhancer activation because similar events occur on AR and NF-kB-regulated enhancers and even following depolarization acutely-activated neuronal enhancers. This study reveals an unexpected strategy required to overcome a checkpoint common to most or all signal/ligand-regulated enhancers critical to activate broad programs of biologically-important regulatory enhancers that implement the instructions of the endocrine system.
2024-09-17 | GSE240599 | GEO
Project description:We used genome-wide sequencing methods to study stimulus-dependent enhancer function in neurons. We identified ~12,000 neuronal activity-regulated enhancers that are bound by the general transcriptional co-activator CBP in an activity-dependent manner. A function of CBP at enhancers may be to recruit RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), as we also observed activity-regulated RNAPII binding to thousands of enhancers. Remarkably, RNAPII at enhancers transcribes bi-directionally a novel class of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) within enhancer domains defined by the presence of histone H3 that is mono-methylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me1). The level of eRNA expression at neuronal enhancers positively correlates with the level of mRNA synthesis at nearby genes, suggesting that eRNA synthesis occurs specifically at enhancers that are actively engaged in promoting mRNA synthesis. These findings reveal that a widespread mechanism of enhancer activation involves RNAPII binding and eRNA synthesis. Examination of genome-wide binding of three types of modified histones, four transcription factors, and RNA polymerase II (ChIP-Seq), as well as RNA expression (RNA-Seq) before and after membrane depolarization via application of extracellular potassium.
2010-04-14 | E-GEOD-21161 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Androgen receptor (AR) is required for castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression, but the function and disease relevance of AR-bound enhancers remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a group of AR-regulated enhancer RNAs (e.g. PSA eRNA) that are upregulated in CRPC cells, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and patient tissues. PSA eRNA binds to CYCLIN T1, activates P-TEFb and promotes in cis and trans gene transcription by increasing serine-2 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II-Ser2p). To avoid the total Pol II changing by PSA eRNA. We measured the total Pol II using N20 and 8WG16 antibodies with or without PSA eRNA knocking down. To avoid the AR binding changes by PSA eRNA, we also measured the AR binding using AR N20 antibodies with or without PSA eRNA knocking down. Androgen receptor (AR) binding sites in human prostate cancer cell lines, C4-2, were studied using ChIP-seq. Total Pol II Ser-2p and AR binding sites in human prostate cancer cell lines C4-2 with or without PSA eRNA knockdown, were studied using ChIP-seq. ChIP enriched DNA were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2500and input DNA were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000.
2016-02-12 | E-GEOD-71704 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The functional importance of gene enhancers in regulated gene expression is well established. In addition to widespread transcription of long non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts in mammalian cells, bidirectional ncRNAs referred to as eRNAs are present on enhancers. However, it has remained unclear whether these eRNAs are functional, or merely a reflection of enhancer activation. Here, we report that 17 ?-estradiol (E2)-bound estrogen receptor alpha (ER?) on enhancers causes a global increase in eRNA transcription on enhancers adjacent to E2 upregulated coding genes. These induced eRNAs, as functional transcripts, appear to exert important roles for the observed ligand-dependent induction of target coding genes, causing an increased strength of specific enhancer:promoter looping initiated by ER? binding. Cohesin, present on many ER?-regulated enhancers even prior to ligand treatment, apparently contributes to E2-dependent gene activation by stabilizing E2/ER?/eRNA-induced enhancer:promoter looping. Our data indicate that eRNAs are likely to exert important functions in many regulated programs of gene transcription. The ChIP-seqs in this study measure the binding landscape of master transcription regulator of estrogen signaling - ER?, together with common histone marks including H3K27ac and H3K4me1 in MCF7 cells. These data serve as the basis to understand the enhancer map and subsequent analysis of eRNA expression using GRO-seq. The GRO-seq measures the trancription of nascent RNAs in the genome. From MCF7 cells treated with veichle or estrodial, we could identify estrogen-regulated eRNAs and subsequently could study their functions.
2013-06-04 | E-GEOD-45822 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:We used genome-wide sequencing methods to study stimulus-dependent enhancer function in neurons. We identified ~12,000 neuronal activity-regulated enhancers that are bound by the general transcriptional co-activator CBP in an activity-dependent manner. A function of CBP at enhancers may be to recruit RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), as we also observed activity-regulated RNAPII binding to thousands of enhancers. Remarkably, RNAPII at enhancers transcribes bi-directionally a novel class of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) within enhancer domains defined by the presence of histone H3 that is mono-methylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me1). The level of eRNA expression at neuronal enhancers positively correlates with the level of mRNA synthesis at nearby genes, suggesting that eRNA synthesis occurs specifically at enhancers that are actively engaged in promoting mRNA synthesis. These findings reveal that a widespread mechanism of enhancer activation involves RNAPII binding and eRNA synthesis.
2010-04-15 | GSE21161 | GEO
Project description:The evidence that several signal and ligand-dependent pathways function by activating regulatory enhancer programs suggests that a “checkpoint” strategy may underline activation of some or even many diversely-regulated enhancers. Here, we report a molecular mechanism common to several acute signal- and ligand-dependent enhancer activation programs based on release of a shared eRNA transcription checkpoint. This requires recruitment of a DNA-PKcs-phosphorylated RING finger repressor, KAP1, functioning as a modulator, inhibiting its association with 7SK and E3 SUMO ligase activity on the CDK9 subunit of P-TEFb, facilitating formation of an activated P-TEFb complex, licensing eRNA elongation. Overcoming this checkpoint for signal-dependent enhancer activation occurs in diverse pathways including estrogen receptor α, NF-κB-regulated proinflammatory, androgen receptor and neuronal depolarization. Therefore, a specific strategy required to convert a basal state enhancer P-TEFb complex to an active state to release a conserved checkpoint is apparently employed by several functionally-important signal/ligand-regulated regulatory enhancers to implement the instructions of endocrine/paracrine system.
2024-09-18 | GSE277391 | GEO
Project description:The evidence that several signal and ligand-dependent pathways function by activating regulatory enhancer programs suggests that a “checkpoint” strategy may underline activation of some or even many diversely-regulated enhancers. Here, we report a molecular mechanism common to several acute signal- and ligand-dependent enhancer activation programs based on release of a shared eRNA transcription checkpoint. This requires recruitment of a DNA-PKcs-phosphorylated RING finger repressor, KAP1, functioning as a modulator, inhibiting its association with 7SK and E3 SUMO ligase activity on the CDK9 subunit of P-TEFb, facilitating formation of an activated P-TEFb complex, licensing eRNA elongation. Overcoming this checkpoint for signal-dependent enhancer activation occurs in diverse pathways including estrogen receptor α, NF-κB-regulated proinflammatory, androgen receptor and neuronal depolarization. Therefore, a specific strategy required to convert a basal state enhancer P-TEFb complex to an active state to release a conserved checkpoint is apparently employed by several functionally-important signal/ligand-regulated regulatory enhancers to implement the instructions of endocrine/paracrine system.
2024-09-18 | GSE277381 | GEO