Project description:The biodegradation of lignocellulose requires the disruption of its lignin, which shields the metabolically assimilable polysaccharides in this recalcitrant natural composite. Although a variety of microorganisms can attack lignocellulose, white rot basidiomycetes are uniquely efficient at this process, cleaving the recalcitrant intermonomer linkages of lignin via extracellular oxidative mechanisms and mineralizing many of the resulting fragments to carbon dioxide via intracellular processes. Considerable progress has been made in understanding this process in the model white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which expresses important components of its ligninolytic system in response to nutrient limitation, as part of its secondary metabolism. Biochemical and genetic evidence point to an important role in P. chrysosporium for secreted lignin peroxidases (LiPs), manganese peroxidases (MnPs), and H2O2-producing oxidases, which are thought to work together to cleave lignin into low molecular weight fragments. However, many aspects of ligninolysis by P. chrysosporium remain poorly understood. Although a definitive picture of the entire ligninolytic system in P. chrysosporium is not yet attainable, transcriptome analyses of the fungus grown on wood can provide useful clues. With the advent of the initial genome assembly and annotations (v1.0 and v2.1), microarray-based transcriptome analysis allowed examination of transcript levels of P. chrysosporium genes when grown in ball-milled wood and in defined growth media. This approach provided useful insights but was limited to 10048 v2.1 targets and complicated by the unpredictable manner in which the fungus responds to unnatural carbon sources in submerged basal salts media. A complete, fully coordinated ligninolytic system is likely not expressed by P. chrysosporium on ball-milled wood, because a potential route for regulatory feedback has been eliminated: the cellulose and hemicellulose in this substrate is readily accessible to enzymes, and thus ligninolysis is not essential for growth. An alternative approach is to compare levels of gene expression just before and after the onset of secondary metabolism and extracellular substrate oxidation by P. chrysosporium as it utilizes solid wood as its carbon source. If this can be done, and decay of the substrate is also confirmed, then the genes undergoing marked changes in expression during the metabolic transition can be identified with greater confidence. Although not all such genes are expected to have roles in biodegradation, this strategy may identify interesting candidates for future investigation. Here we report RNAseq-based transcriptomes to characterize changes in gene expression that occur during the transition to ligninolytic metabolism. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was inoculated onto thin sections of wood. RNA was purified from colonized material after 40 and 96 hours. Single read 100 bp Illumina runs were performed.

Project description:The biodegradation of lignocellulose requires the disruption of its lignin, which shields the metabolically assimilable polysaccharides in this recalcitrant natural composite. Although a variety of microorganisms can attack lignocellulose, white rot basidiomycetes are uniquely efficient at this process, cleaving the recalcitrant intermonomer linkages of lignin via extracellular oxidative mechanisms and mineralizing many of the resulting fragments to carbon dioxide via intracellular processes. Considerable progress has been made in understanding this process in the model white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which expresses important components of its ligninolytic system in response to nutrient limitation, as part of its secondary metabolism. Biochemical and genetic evidence point to an important role in P. chrysosporium for secreted lignin peroxidases (LiPs), manganese peroxidases (MnPs), and H2O2-producing oxidases, which are thought to work together to cleave lignin into low molecular weight fragments. However, many aspects of ligninolysis by P. chrysosporium remain poorly understood. Although a definitive picture of the entire ligninolytic system in P. chrysosporium is not yet attainable, transcriptome analyses of the fungus grown on wood can provide useful clues. With the advent of the initial genome assembly and annotations (v1.0 and v2.1), microarray-based transcriptome analysis allowed examination of transcript levels of P. chrysosporium genes when grown in ball-milled wood and in defined growth media. This approach provided useful insights but was limited to 10048 v2.1 targets and complicated by the unpredictable manner in which the fungus responds to unnatural carbon sources in submerged basal salts media. A complete, fully coordinated ligninolytic system is likely not expressed by P. chrysosporium on ball-milled wood, because a potential route for regulatory feedback has been eliminated: the cellulose and hemicellulose in this substrate is readily accessible to enzymes, and thus ligninolysis is not essential for growth. An alternative approach is to compare levels of gene expression just before and after the onset of secondary metabolism and extracellular substrate oxidation by P. chrysosporium as it utilizes solid wood as its carbon source. If this can be done, and decay of the substrate is also confirmed, then the genes undergoing marked changes in expression during the metabolic transition can be identified with greater confidence. Although not all such genes are expected to have roles in biodegradation, this strategy may identify interesting candidates for future investigation. Here we report RNAseq-based transcriptomes to characterize changes in gene expression that occur during the transition to ligninolytic metabolism.

Project description:Transcript profiles of Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown on different substrates were analyszed. Array design was based on the DoE's Joint Genome Institute's gene models for P. chrysosporium version s. The research goal is to identify genes essential for lignocellulose depolymerization. From a data set of 10004 unique gene models, each NimbleGen (Madison, WI) array targeted 9959 genes and featured 12 unique 60mers per gene, all in triplicate. RNA and protein were obtained from P. chrysosporium strain RP78 (Forest Mycology Center, Forest Products Lab) grown in HighleyM-bM-^@M-^Ys basal salt medium containing 0.5% (w/v) wiley milled (1 mm mesh) wood. For each of the three samples (hybrid line P717, transgenic line 82, transgenic line 64) multiple branches were harvested, debarked and dried. Each two-liter Erlenmeyer flask contained 250 ml medium and was inoculated with approximately 10e7 P. chrysosporium spores scraped from the surface of YMPG agar. Cultures were incubated for five days on a rotary shaker (150 RPM) at 37M-BM-0 C. For RNA, mycelium from triplicate cultures was collected by filtration through Miracloth (Calbiochem, EMD Biosciences, Gibbstown, NJ), squeeze dried and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Pellets were stored at -80 M-BM-0C until use. For mass spectroscopic analysis, culture filtrates were stored at -20 before use. P. chrysosporium Roche NimbleGen array design was similar to GPL8022, but repetitive elements were removed and 25 gene targets were added. The latter corresponded to open reading frames for which peptides had been detected in culture filtrates. Culture condition compariso: Total RNA was purified from frozen mycelial pellets, converted to Cy3 labeled cDNA, hybridized to microarrays, and scanned as described by Vanden Wymelenberg et al 2010 (Appl Enviro Microbiol 76:3599-3610). The 9 arrays used in these experiments were scanned on the Axon4000B Scanner (Molecular Dynamics) and data extracted using NimbleScan v2.4. Quantile normalization and robust multi-array averaging (RMA) were applied to the raw data using DNASTAR ArrayStar v4 (Madison, WI). Expression levels are based on log2 signals and significant differences in expression were determined using the Moderated t-Test with the FDR threshold set at P<0.05. triplicate cultures for each substrate (wood genotype); The three wood substrates are lines 64, 82 and P717; three different media, and each medium was represented by three flasks (reps).

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LongSAGE during the initiation of ligninolytic enzymes production in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

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