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The Polycomb protein Pcgf2/Mel18 regulates mesoderm cell fate-specification of embryonic stem cells through multiple mechanisms

ABSTRACT: Polycomb complexes are essential regulators of stem cell identity, yet very little is known about their molecular mechanisms during cell differentiation. Pcgf proteins (Pcgf1/2/3/4/5/6) are core subunits of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). It has been recently proposed that specific Pcgf proteins are associated to particular PRC1 complexes, yet the molecular and biological functions of different Pcgf proteins remains largely elusive. Using specific differentiation protocols, we have elucidated a role for Pcgf2/Mel18 in specifically regulating mesoderm differentiation. Mechanistically, during early cardiac mesoderm differentiation, Pcgf2/Mel18 functions as a classical Polycomb protein by repressing pluripotency, lineage specification, late cardiac differentiation and negative regulators of the BMP pathway, yet Pcgf2/Mel18 also positively regulates the expression of key mesoderm transcription factors, revealing a novel function of Pcgf2/Mel18 in gene activation during cardiac differentiation. Mel18 depletion results in an unbalance of pathways that positively and negatively regulate cardiac differentiation. We propose that Mel18 is a novel epigenetic factor that controls mesoderm differentiation by opposing molecular mechanisms.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE67868 | GEO | 2015/09/04

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA281091

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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The Polycomb protein Pcgf2/Mel18 regulates mesoderm cell fate-specification of embryonic stem cells through multiple mechanisms

Project description:Polycomb complexes are essential regulators of stem cell identity, yet very little is known about their molecular mechanisms during cell differentiation. Pcgf proteins (Pcgf1/2/3/4/5/6) are core subunits of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). It has been recently proposed that specific Pcgf proteins are associated to particular PRC1 complexes, yet the molecular and biological functions of different Pcgf proteins remains largely elusive. Using specific differentiation protocols, we have elucidated a role for Pcgf2/Mel18 in specifically regulating mesoderm differentiation. Mechanistically, during early cardiac mesoderm differentiation, Pcgf2/Mel18 functions as a classical Polycomb protein by repressing pluripotency, lineage specification, late cardiac differentiation and negative regulators of the BMP pathway, yet Pcgf2/Mel18 also positively regulates the expression of key mesoderm transcription factors, revealing a novel function of Pcgf2/Mel18 in gene activation during cardiac differentiation. Mel18 depletion results in an unbalance of pathways that positively and negatively regulate cardiac differentiation. We propose that Mel18 is a novel epigenetic factor that controls mesoderm differentiation by opposing molecular mechanisms. List of ChIPseq samples: Mel18 in ESCs and MES, Ring1b, RYBP and Cbx2 in MES, IgG in MESs. List of RNAseq experiments: Mel18 KD, Ring1b KO and CTR in ESCs, Mel18 KD and CTR in MES, Mel18 KD and CTR in CMs.

2015-09-04 | E-GEOD-67868 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Functional Landscape of PCGF Proteins Reveals Both RING1A/B Dependent and Independent Specific Activities

Project description:Polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PCR2) control cell identity by establishing facultative heterochromatin repressive domains at common sets of target genes. PRC1, which deposits H2Aub1 through the E3 ligases RING1A/B, forms six biochemically distinct subcomplexes containing one type of PCGF protein (PCGF1–6); it is unclear whether these subcomplexes also have specific activities. Here we show that PCGF1 and PCGF2 largely compensate for each other, but that the other PCGF proteins have high levels of specificity for distinct target genes, with little functional crosstalk. PCGF2 associates with transcription repression, while PCGF3 and PCGF6 associate with actively transcribed genes. Notably, PCGF3 and PCGF6 complexes can assembly and be recruited to several active sites independently of RING1A/B activity (therefore, of PRC1). For chromatin recruitment, the PCGF6 complex requires the combinatorial activities of its MGA-MAX and E2F6-DP1 subunits, while PCGF3 requires an interaction with the USF1 DNA binding transcription factor.

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Expression regulation by Pcgf1 in mouse embryonic stem cells

Project description:The Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is essential for fate decisions of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Emerging evidence suggests that six major variants of PRC1 complex, defined by the mutually exclusive presence of Pcgf subunit, regulate distinct biological processes, yet very little is known about the mechanism by which each version of PRC1 instructs and maintains cell fate. Here, we disrupted the Pcgf1, also known as Nspc1 and one of six Pcgf paralogs, in mouse ES cells by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We showed that although these mutant cells were viable and retained normal self-renewal, they displayed severe defects in differentiation in vitro. To gain a better understanding of the role of Pcgf1 in transcriptional control of differentiation, we analysed mRNA profiles from Pcgf1 deficient cells using RNA-seq. In contrast to the canonical role of PRC1 in gene repression, we found that Pcgf1 mainly functioned as a transcriptional activator to drive expression of many genes involved in ectoderm and mesoderm differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that Pcgf1 deletion caused a decrease in Ring1B and its associated H2AK119ub1 mark binding to target genes. Altogether, our results revealed an unexpected function of Pcgf1 in gene activation during ES cell maintenance.

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Project description:The Polycomb protein Pcgf2/Mel18 regulates mesoderm cell fate-specification of embryonic stem cells through multiple mechanisms

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The dynamic interactome and genomic targets of Polycomb complexes during stem cell differentiation

Project description:While the core members of the Polycomb family of proteins (PRC2, PRC1, PR-DUB) are well-characterized, little is known about the specific composition of and protein-protein interactions within these complexes in different cell types. We performed quantitative interaction proteomics and cross-linking mass spectrometry on core Polycomb complex members to identify novel interactors, the relative abundance (stoichiometry) of subunits, and the architecture of these complexes in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Differentiation to NPCs resulted in dramatic binding changes for several substoichiometric interactors of PRC2 and PRC1. ChIP-seq of core PRC2 and PRC1 subunits in mESCs and NPCs also identified dynamic changes in the genomic localization of these complexes. We observed a loss of PRC2 from most H3K27me3 sites during differentiation, whereas PRC1 is retained at these sites. Additionally, we found PRC1 at enhancers and promoters of active genes independent of PRC2 binding. Overexpression studies using NPC-specific PRC1 interactors demonstrated that the subunit switching observed during differentiation can change PRC1 target site binding. Altogether, these findings extend our understanding of Polycomb family composition, architecture, and genome-wide localization. ChIP-seq samples for Suz12, Ezh2, Ring1b, Pcgf2, and inputs from mouse embryonic stems cells (mES) and neural progenitor cells (NPC) as well as NPC histone H3K4me1 ChIP-seq.

2016-05-17 | E-GEOD-74330 | biostudies-arrayexpress

H3K27me3 is not required for recruitment of Polycomb repressor complex 1 to target loci in mouse embryonic stem cells

Project description:The established hierarchical model explaining co-occupancy of Polycomb repressor complexes 1 and 2 (PRC 1 and 2) at target loci proposes that the chromodomain of the polycomb protein, a core PRC1 subunit, recognises the H3K27me3 histone modification catalysed by PRC2. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation to analyse PRC1 occupancy at target loci in Eed-/- mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that lack H3K27me3. Occupancy of the core PRC1 proteins Ring1B and Mel18 was strongly reduced, consistent with the hierarchical model. However, levels of H2A ubiquitylation (H2AK119u1), the histone modification catalysed by PRC1, were similar to wild-type cells, suggesting PRC1 recruitment is independent of H3K27me3. ChIP-sequencing analysis of Ring1B occupancy genome wide substantiated this conclusion, demonstrating significant Ring1B levels at polycomb target loci in Eed-/- ESCs. Thus PRC1 and PRC2 are recruited independently to sites that they co-occupy. We conclude that the primary function of H3K27me3 is to increase the residency of PRC1 at target loci and thereby to contribute to the stability of PRC1 mediated silencing. Examination of Ring1B binding in WT, Eed ko and Input of ESCs Examination of CBX7 in WT and Eed ko of ESCs

2011-11-30 | E-GEOD-23716 | biostudies-arrayexpress

PCGF5 is required for neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells [RNA-seq]

Project description:Polycomb-group proteins are key regulators of the transcriptional programs that maintain stem cell identity and dictate lineage specification. Polycomb repressor complex 1 (PRC1) contains the E3 ligases RING1A/B, which monoubiquitinate lysine 119 at histone H2A (H2AK119ub1) to regulate gene expression. PRC1 has been sub-classified into six major complexes based on the presence of a PCGF subunit. Here, we find that Pcgf5, one of six PCGF paralogs, is an important requirement in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) towards a neural cell fate. Although PCGF5 is not required for mESC self-renewal, its loss blocks mESC neural differentiation by activating the SMAD2/TGF-β signaling pathway. Inhibition of SMAD2/TGF-β signaling or rescue by overexpression of Pcgf5 can restore the capability of mESCs to differentiate towards a neural cell fate. PCGF5 works by stimulating RING1B-dependent H2AK119ub1 both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the suppression of TGF-β signaling genes. PCGF5 loss-of-function prevents the reduction of H2AK119ub1 and H3K27me3 around neural specific genes and keeps them repressed. Our results showed that PCGF5 might function as both a repressor for SMAD2/TGF-β signaling pathway and a facilitator for neural differentiation. Together, our findings reveal a critical context-specific function for PCGF5 in directing PRC1 to control cell fate.

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PCGF5 is required for neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells [ChIP-seq]

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