Project description:Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), also traditionally called Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (CIU), is a common dermatosis. Its estimated point prevalence is 0.6 to 1%. CSU is defined by spontaneously occurring short-lived and itching wheal, angioedema or both. The current nomenclature of urticaria endorses the use of a clinical rather than an aetiological classification to recognise that a percentage of patients with CSU have an autoimmune rather than idiopathic aetiology. As it happens with other IgE-associated diseases, a better knowledge of urticaria patients requires defining phenotypes. The present knowledge about CSU phenotypes is based on the clinical characteristics, associated comorbidities, the course of the disease and its response to the available effective drugs. But a phenotype is defined as the visible characteristics or traits that are a consequence of the expression of genes as well as the influence of environmental factors. The phenotype is part a consequence of the genotype. To study which is the genotype expressed by the patients suffering of CSU can be interesting. The mechanisms involved in the mast cell activation and the role of the released mast cell mediators are well known allowing explaining of how the wheals appear and disappear. But very little is known about the genetic susceptibility and genes involved in the development of wheals in CSU patients. By means of this work, enough case series was collected to draw reliable conclusions, based on the genetic variations found. In order to assess associations between genetic polymorphisms and the different phenotypes of CSU, large case series of well-documented patients with a relevant history are needed. The primary purpose of this study was to identify the most relevant genes expressed in the tissue and the blood samples from patients with moderate and severe CSU. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to identify the most relevant genes expressed in the tissue and the blood samples from patients with moderate and severe CSU. The knowledge of the gene profiling differences comparing wheal versus no-lesion skin in selected patients is a real and accurate approach to identify the genes expressed in the wheal developed in patients with CSU. Patients and methods: A total of 20 patients suffering of moderate and severe CSU/CIU and 10 healthy control subjects were included. The setting of the study was the Department of Dermatology and the Department of Pharmacology Clinic at the Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona. The sample size is adequate to the exploratory character of the study. Only patients showing active moderate to severe CSU during at least 3 months were included in the study. Patients were selected prospectively. An Urticaria Activity Score (UAS) 7 defined moderate to severe CSU, this mean an UAS7 â?¥16 (UAS 7 range from 0 to 42), where the symptom itch showed a value â?¥8. All the patients included remained symptomatic in spite of the treatment with antihistamines. The diagnosis of CSU was based on clinical history data and physical examination. Any active treatment was supplied at the patient at the time where the samples were obtained. Healthy controls were selected from a pool of volunteers. A detailed anamnesis, clinical exploration and basal blood analysis was carried out in order to guarantee that any active disease nor cutaneous nor systemic was present. The CSU patients and the healthy volunteers were submitted to some interventions in order to obtain cutaneous and venous blood samples. Cutaneous biopsies were obtained after local anesthesia using punch biopsy of 4 mm in diameter. Two cutaneous biopsies including skin from an active wheal and one biopsy from non-lesion skin were obtained. The active wheal chosen for biopsy was obtained from the trunk and clinically showed erythema and edema, with a time of evolution of at least of one hour. One of the biopsies taken from the wheal was fixed in formaldehyde and after paraffin inclusion was stained with haematoxilin -eosin, Giemsa and with c-Kit as mast cell marker with the objective to characterize the diagnosis of wheal and describe accurately the characteristics of the inflammatory infiltrate. The second biopsy was immediately prepared for storage prior to be submitted for gene array. Fat and other undesired components that do not belong to the sample were removed before quick-freezing the tissue in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreserved tissue samples were stored at -80Â°C prior to the gene microarray study. The punch taken over no-lesion skin guarantee that no wheal was present in the previous 72 hours and no other skin alteration was present i.e., desquamation or pigmentation. Venous blood analysis was obtained from the basilic mediana vein in the antecubital fossae and prepared for its storage for gene array analysis. Quality control of RNA samples was performed with the Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Good quality samples with an RNA Integrity Number (RIN) value >6, and also some mildly degraded samples with a RIN value between 4 and 6, were processed following specific protocols. The hybridization procedure was performed according to the Agilent 60-mer oligo microarray processing protocol using the Agilent Gene Expression Hybridization Kit (Agilent Technologies). Based on the results provided from the microarray comparative analysis, we selected a set of genes to be confirmed by Q-PCR. The criteria followed to perform such selection were based in technical aspects that would guarantee gene confirmation. These recommendations include an adjusted P value of 0.05 and a Log fold change of 1 (plus or minor to 1). The second criteria was based in an accurate analysis of the genes up or down regulated and its possible involvement in mast cell biology, wheal pathogenesis, urticaria or allergy. The data base included shows the raw data of the gene-array performed in the available samples of the blood and the tissue of the patients with CSU and the healthy controls included in this study. 61 samples were analyzed from 30 individuals, 20 patients and 10 healthy controls. This Series includes the samples from tissue.

Project description:Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), also traditionally called Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (CIU), is a common dermatosis. Its estimated point prevalence is 0.6 to 1%. CSU is defined by spontaneously occurring short-lived and itching wheal, angioedema or both. The current nomenclature of urticaria endorses the use of a clinical rather than an aetiological classification to recognise that a percentage of patients with CSU have an autoimmune rather than idiopathic aetiology. As it happens with other IgE-associated diseases, a better knowledge of urticaria patients requires defining phenotypes. The present knowledge about CSU phenotypes is based on the clinical characteristics, associated comorbidities, the course of the disease and its response to the available effective drugs. But a phenotype is defined as the visible characteristics or traits that are a consequence of the expression of genes as well as the influence of environmental factors. The phenotype is part a consequence of the genotype. To study which is the genotype expressed by the patients suffering of CSU can be interesting. The mechanisms involved in the mast cell activation and the role of the released mast cell mediators are well known allowing explaining of how the wheals appear and disappear. But very little is known about the genetic susceptibility and genes involved in the development of wheals in CSU patients. By means of this work, enough case series was collected to draw reliable conclusions, based on the genetic variations found. In order to assess associations between genetic polymorphisms and the different phenotypes of CSU, large case series of well-documented patients with a relevant history are needed. The primary purpose of this study was to identify the most relevant genes expressed in the tissue and the blood samples from patients with moderate and severe CSU. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to identify the most relevant genes expressed in the tissue and the blood samples from patients with moderate and severe CSU. The knowledge of the gene profiling differences comparing wheal versus no-lesion skin in selected patients is a real and accurate approach to identify the genes expressed in the wheal developed in patients with CSU. Patients and methods: A total of 20 patients suffering of moderate and severe CSU/CIU and 10 healthy control subjects were included. The setting of the study was the Department of Dermatology and the Department of Pharmacology Clinic at the Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Barcelona. The sample size is adequate to the exploratory character of the study. Only patients showing active moderate to severe CSU during at least 3 months were included in the study. Patients were selected prospectively. An Urticaria Activity Score (UAS) 7 defined moderate to severe CSU, this mean an UAS7 â?¥16 (UAS 7 range from 0 to 42), where the symptom itch showed a value â?¥8. All the patients included remained symptomatic in spite of the treatment with antihistamines. The diagnosis of CSU was based on clinical history data and physical examination. Any active treatment was supplied at the patient at the time where the samples were obtained. Healthy controls were selected from a pool of volunteers. A detailed anamnesis, clinical exploration and basal blood analysis was carried out in order to guarantee that any active disease nor cutaneous nor systemic was present. The CSU patients and the healthy volunteers were submitted to some interventions in order to obtain cutaneous and venous blood samples. Cutaneous biopsies were obtained after local anesthesia using punch biopsy of 4 mm in diameter. Two cutaneous biopsies including skin from an active wheal and one biopsy from non-lesion skin were obtained. The active wheal chosen for biopsy was obtained from the trunk and clinically showed erythema and edema, with a time of evolution of at least of one hour. One of the biopsies taken from the wheal was fixed in formaldehyde and after paraffin inclusion was stained with haematoxilin -eosin, Giemsa and with c-Kit as mast cell marker with the objective to characterize the diagnosis of wheal and describe accurately the characteristics of the inflammatory infiltrate. The second biopsy was immediately prepared for storage prior to be submitted for gene array. Fat and other undesired components that do not belong to the sample were removed before quick-freezing the tissue in liquid nitrogen. Cryopreserved tissue samples were stored at -80Â°C prior to the gene microarray study. The punch taken over no-lesion skin guarantee that no wheal was present in the previous 72 hours and no other skin alteration was present i.e., desquamation or pigmentation. Venous blood analysis was obtained from the basilic mediana vein in the antecubital fossae and prepared for its storage for gene array analysis. Quality control of RNA samples was performed with the Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Good quality samples with an RNA Integrity Number (RIN) value >6, and also some mildly degraded samples with a RIN value between 4 and 6, were processed following specific protocols. The hybridization procedure was performed according to the Agilent 60-mer oligo microarray processing protocol using the Agilent Gene Expression Hybridization Kit (Agilent Technologies). Based on the results provided from the microarray comparative analysis, we selected a set of genes to be confirmed by Q-PCR. The criteria followed to perform such selection were based in technical aspects that would guarantee gene confirmation. These recommendations include an adjusted P value of 0.05 and a Log fold change of 1 (plus or minor to 1). The second criteria was based in an accurate analysis of the genes up or down regulated and its possible involvement in mast cell biology, wheal pathogenesis, urticaria or allergy. The data base included shows the raw data of the gene-array performed in the available samples of the blood and the tissue of the patients with CSU and the healthy controls included in this study. 61 samples were analyzed from 30 individuals, 20 patients and 10 healthy controls. This Series includes the samples from blood.

Project description:BackgroundChronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common autoimmune skin disease. Little is known about the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of CSU. This study aimed to investigate genome-wide DNA methylation profile in whole blood of patients with CSU.Patients and methodsGenome-wide DNA methylation levels in whole blood samples of 95 Chinese Han ethnicity adult CSU patients and 95 ethnicity-, age- and sex-matched healthy controls were analyzed using Illumina 850K methylation chip. The differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were screened out and then functionally annotated by the gene ontology and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes databases.ResultsA total of 439 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) (p < 0.01 and |Δβ| ≥ 0.06) were identified with 380 hypomethylated and 59 hypermethylated. The average global DNA methylation levels of the 439 DMPs in the CSU patients were significantly lower than those in the healthy controls (p < 0.001). The distribution of the 439 DMPs was wide on chromosome 1 to 22 and chromosome X. Chromosome 6 embodied the largest number of DMPs (n = 51) and their annotated genes were predominantly related to autoimmunity. The 304 annotated DMGs were mainly enriched in autoimmune disease- and immune-related pathways. A total of 41 DMPs annotated to 28 DMGs were identified when p < 0.01 and |Δβ| ≥ 0.1. Of the 28 DMGs, HLA-DPB2, HLA-DRB1, PPP2R5C, and LTF were associated with autoimmunity. CSU cases with elevated total IgE, positive anti-thyroid peroxidase IgG autoantibodies, positive anti-thyroglobulin IgG autoantibodies, angioedema, UASday > 4, or recurrent CSU showed phenotype-specific DMPs as compared with cases with normal total IgE, negative anti-thyroid peroxidase IgG autoantibodies, negative anti-thyroglobulin IgG autoantibodies, no angioedema, UASday ≤ 4, or non-recurrent CSU respectively.ConclusionThis study shows a distinct genome-wide DNA methylation profile in Chinese Han ethnicity adult CSU patients and indicates a role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of CSU. The predominant enrichment of the CSU-associated DMGs in immunological pathways provides supportive evidence for the immunopathogenesis of CSU. Future research on the CSU-associated DMPs and DMGs will help discover potential therapeutic targets for CSU.

Project description:BackgroundChronic urticaria (CU) is a common skin disorder, which can be further divided into chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU). Omalizumab is effective and safe for difficult-to-treat CSU based on clinical trials. However, there are limited data comparing the therapeutic effect of omalizumab for patients with CSU, CIndU, and CSU plus CIndU. Meanwhile, there is still no reliable predictor for treatment response or relapse. Our study was conducted to collect real-world clinical data on omalizumab treatment in patients with CSU, CIndU, and both.MethodsThis was an observational, retrospective chart review of patients with CU initiating omalizumab treatment between February 2018 and May 2020 (maximum 28 months follow-up).ResultsA total of 138 patients were included, 87 with CSU alone, 33 with different forms of CIndU, and 18 with both. A total of 87.0% (n = 120/138) of the CU patients responded to omalizumab therapy, among which 65.2% (n = 90/138) of the patients showed complete response and 21.7% (n = 30/138) of the patients showed partial response. The therapeutic effect and speed of onset of effect for omalizumab were comparable among patients with CSU, CIndU, or both. Autologous serum skin test (ASST)-positive patients were more likely to show a slow response to omalizumab therapy ( P = 0.043). Non-responders had lower baseline total IgE levels (35.0 vs 121.5 kU/L, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients with low total IgE levels in non-responders was significantly higher than that of responders (61.1% vs. 14.5%, P < 0.001). Also, more non-responder patients had elevated thyroid autoantibodies than responders (50.0% vs. 23.0%, P = 0.041). The median ratio of serum IgG-anti-TPO to serum total IgE in non-responders was significantly higher compared with responders (1.22 vs. 0.09, P < 0.001). Non-responders also had shorter treatment periods (4.5 vs 6.0 months, P = 0.035) compared with responders. Two of 3 patients (67.4%, n = 29/43) experienced relapse after ceasing omalizumab therapy. These patients had longer disease durations (52.0 vs. 15.0 months, P = 0.007) and higher baseline total IgE levels (179.9 vs. 72.5 kU/L, P = 0.020) than patients who did not relapse. We reinitiated omalizumab treatment for 10 relapsed patients, all of them reported a rapid response after the first injection within the first 4 weeks of retreatment.ConclusionOmalizumab is highly effective in patients with difficult-to-treat CSU, CIndU, or both. Responders tend to have unique immunological features and longer treatment periods. Patients with higher baseline total IgE levels and longer disease durations are more likely to experience rapid relapse after discontinuation of omalizumab.

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Gene expression profile of patients with moderate and severe chronic spontaneous urticaria

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